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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS |
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PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh) , or sweetbread, in anatomy, the elongated, tongue-shaped, digestive gland, of a pinkish colour, which lies across the posterior wall
wall
elevation
liver .The pancreas is altogether behind the peritoneum. In its greater part it is covered in front by the lesser sac (see COELOM AND SEROUS MEMBRANES), but the lower part of the front of the head and the very narrow lower surface of the body are in contact with the greater sac. There is one main duct of the pancreas, which is sometimes known as the duct of Wirsung; it is thin-walled and white, and runs the whole length of the organ nearer the back than the front. As it reaches the head it turns downward and opens into the second part of the duodenum, joining the common bile duct while they are both piercing the walls of the gut. A smaller accessory pancreatic duct is found, which communicates with the main duct and usually opens into the duodenum about three-quarters of an inch above the papilla of the latter. It drains the lower part of the head, and either crosses or communicates with the duct of Wirsung to reach its opening (see A. M. Schirmer, Beitrag zur Geschichte and Anat. des Pancreas, Basel, 1893). The pancreas has no real capsule, but is divided up into lobules, which are merely held together by their ducts and by loose areolar tissue ; the glands of which these lobules are made up are of the acino-tubular variety (see EPITHELIAL TissuEs). Small groups of epithelium-like cells without ducts (Islets of Langerhans) occur among the glandular tissue and are characteristic of the pancreas. In cases of diabetes they sometimes degenerate. In the centre of each acinus of the main glandular tissue of the pancreas are often found spindle-shaped cells (centro-acinar cells of Langerhans). For details of microscopic structure see Essentials of Histology, by E. A. Schafer (London, 1907).Embryology.The pancreas is developed, by three diverticula, from that part of the foregut which will later form the duodenum. Of these diverticula the left ventral disappears early,' but the right ventral, which is really an outgrowth from the lower part of the common bile duct, forms the head of the pancreas. The body and tail are formed from the dorsal diverticulum, and the two parts, at first separate, join one another so that the ducts communicate, and eventually the ventral one takes almost all the secretion of the gland to the intestine, while that part of the dorsal one which is nearest the duodenum atrophies and forms the duct of Santorini. The main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung) is therefore formed partly by the ventral and partly by the dorsal diverticulum. As the diverticula grow they give off lateral branches, which branch again and again until the terminal buds form the acini of the gland. At first the pancreas grows upward, behind the stomach, between the two layers of the dorsal mesogastrium (see COELOM AND SEROUS MEMBRANES), but when the stomach and duodenum turn over to the right, the gland becomes horizontal
Comparative" Anatomy.In the Acrania (Amphioxus) no representative of a pancreas has been found, but in the Cyclostomata (hags and lampreys) there is a small lobular gland opening into the bile duct which probably represents it. In the Elasmobr2'nchs (sharks and rays) there is a definite compact pancreas of consider-able size. In the Teleostomi, which include the . true bony fish (Teleostei), the sturgeon
1 N. W. Ingalls has shown (Archiv. f. mik. Anat. and Entwickl. Bd. 70, 1907), that in a human embryo of 4.9 mm. the two ventral buds persist and join one another below the liver bud.XX. 22 a compact gland and sometimes diffuse between the layers of the mesentery; at other times it is so surrounded by the liver as to be difficult to find. Among the Dipnoi (mud fish), Protopterus has it embedded in the walls of the stomach and intestine. The Amphibia have a definite compact pancreas which lies in the U-shaped loop between the stomach and duodenum, and is massed round the bile duct. In the Reptilia there are some-times several ducts, as in the crocodile and the water tortoise (Emys), and this arrangement is also found in birds (the pigeon, for instance. has three ducts opening into the duodenum at very different levels). In mammals the gland is usually compact, thoughinto the pancreas is of some medico-legal importance as being a cause of death. The condition is rarely recognized in time for operative interference. Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis is a c mbination of inflammation with haemorrhage in which the patu.reas is found enlarged and infiltrated with blood. Violent pain, vomiting and collapse, are the chief
Aorta Fosse for Spigelian lobe Right phrenic vessels Vena cava Hepatic vein hepatic artery tEsophaguss:. Coronary artery Diaphragm Left suprarenalcapsnjfd Portal vein Fylorus Rile duct Right suprarenal capsule tinder surface of pancreas Attachmenj. of transverse' gtesocolon Ureter/ yferior mesen- teric artery pertnatic vein /- Ureter Right common iliac vein Right common iliac artery Left million iliac , ' vein Duodeno-, N iejunal fletiUt'b Gastroduodenal artery and neck of pancreas Superior mesefi term artery Duodenum From Ambrose Birmingham, Cunningham's Text Book of Anatomy. The stomach, liver and most of the intestines have been removed. The peritoneum has been preserved on the right kidney, and the fossa for the Spigelian lobe. In taking out the liver, the vena cava was left behind. The stomach-bed is well shown. (From a body hardened by chromic-acid injections.) t.0 sometimes, as in the rabbit, it is diffuse. It usually 'has two ducts, as in man, though in many animals, such as the ox, sheep and goat, only "one persists. When there is only one duct it may open with the common bile duct, e.g. sheep and cat, or may be very far away as in the ox and rabbit. (F. G. P.) Diseases of the pancreas.As the pancreas plays an important part in the physiology of digestion much attention has of late been paid to the question of its secretions. In sclerosis, atrophy, acute and chronic inflammatory changes and new growths in the pancreas an absence or lessening of its secretion may be evident. Haemorrhage Mayo Robson to occur in connexion with the symptoms of catarrhal jaundice, which he suggests is due to the pressure on the common duct by the swollen pancreatic tissue. The organ is enlarged and very hard, and the symptoms are pain, dyspepsia, jaundice, loss of weight and the presence of fat in the stools. This latter sign is common to all forms of pancreatic disease. In connexion with all pancreatic diseases small yellowish patches are found in the ,pancreatic tissue, mesentery, omentum and abdominal fatty tissue generally, and the tissues appear to be studded with whitish areas often not larger than a pin's head. The condition, which was 20 first observed by Balser, has been termed " fat-necrosis." The pancreas like other organs, is subject to the occurrence of new growths, tumours and cysts, syphilis and tuberculosis. End of Article: PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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