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Encyclopedia Britannica



PALLIUM

This article appears in Volume V20, Page 639 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS
PALLIUM or
PALL
  (derived, so far as the name is concerned, from the Roman pallium or palla, a woollen cloak), an ecclesiastical vestment in the Roman Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries past bestowed by him on all metropolitans, primates and archbishops as a symbol of the jurisdiction delegated to them by the Holy See. The pallium, in its present form, is a narrow band, " three fingers broad," woven of white lamb's wool, with a loop in the centre resting on the shoulders over the chr uble, and two dependent lappets, before and behind; so that when seen from front or back the ornament resembles the letter Y. It is decorated with six purple crosses, one on each tail and four on the loop, is doubled on the left
shoulder
 , and is garnished, back and front, with three jewelled gold pins. The two latter characteristics seem to be survivals of the time when the Roman pallium, like the Greek c yoca6ptov was a simple scarf doubled and pinned on the left
shoulder
 .
The origin of the pallium as an ecclesiastical vestment is lost in antiquity. The theory that explains it in connexion with the figure of the Good Shepherd carrying the lamb on his shoulders, so common in early Christian art, is obviously an explanation a posteriori. The ceremonial connected with the preparation of the pallium and its bestowal upon the pope at his coronation, however, suggests some such symbolism. The lambs whose wool is destined for the making of the pallia are solemnly presented at the altar by the nuns of the convent of St Agnes at
Rome at mass on St Agnes' day, during the singing of the Agnes Dei. They are received by the canons of the Lateran church and handed over by them to the apostolic subdeacons, by whom they are put out to pasture till the time of shearing. The pallia fashioned of their wool by the nuns are carried by the subdeacons to St Peter's, where they are placed by the canons on the bodies of St Peter and St Paul, under the high altar, for a night, then committed to the subdeacons for safe custody. A pallium thus consecrated is placed by the archdeacon over the shoulders of the pope at his coronation, with the words " Receive the pallium," i.e. the plenitude of the pontifical office, " to the
glory
  of God, and of the most glorious Virgin His Mother, and of the blessed apostles St Peter and St Paul, and of the Holy Roman Church."
(
Drawn
  by Father J. Braun, and reproduced from his Die liturgische Gewandung by permission of B. Herder.)
Illustration
  of the Development of the Pallium.
The elaborate ceremonial might suggest an effort to symbolize the command " Feed My lambs!" given to St Peter, and its transference to Peter's successors. Some such idea underlies the developed ceremonial; but the pallium itself was in its origin no more than an
ensign
  of the episcopal dignity, as it remains in the East, whereunder the name of d, oopwov (c os, shoulder, 4fpew, to carry)it is worn by all bishops. More-over, whatever symbolism may be evolved from the lambs' wool is vitiated, so far as origins are concerned, by the fact that the papal pallia were at one time made of white linen (see Johannes Diaconus, Vita S. Gregorii M. lib. IV. cap. 8, pallium ejus bysso candente contextum).'
The right to wear the pallium seems, in the first instance, to have been conceded by the popes merely as a mark of honour. The first recorded example of the bestowal of the pallium by the popes is the grant of Pope Symmachus in 513 to Caesarius of Arles, as papal vicar. By the time of Gregory I. it was given not only to vicars but as a mark of honour to distinguish bishops, and it is still conferred on the bishops of Autun,
Bamberg
 , Doi, Lucca, Ostia, Pavia and Verona. St Boniface caused a reforming synod, between 84o and 85o, to decree that in future all metropolitans must seek their pallium at Rome (see Boniface's letter to Cuthbert, 78, Monumenta Germaniae, epistolae, III.); and though this rule was not universally followed even until the 13th century, it is now uncanonical for an arch-bishop to exercise the functions proper to his office until the pallium has been received. Every archbishop must apply for it, personally or by depu , within three months after his consecration. and it is buriewith him at his death (see ARCHBISHOP). The pallium is never granted until after payment of consider-able dues. This payment, originally supposed to be voluntary, became one of the great abuses of the papacy, especially during the period of the Renaissance, and it was the large amount (raised largely by indulgences) which was paid by Albert, arch-bishop of Mainz, to the papacy that roused Luther to protest. Though the pallium is thus a vestment distinctive of bishops having metropolitan jurisdiction, it may only be worn by them within their jurisdiction, and then only on certain solemn occasions. The pope alone has the right to wear everywhere and at all times a vestment which is held to symbolize the plenitude of ecclesiastical power.
See P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, II. 23 sqq.; Gresar, " Das romische Pallium and die altesten liturgischen Scharpen " (in Festschrift zum elf hundertjahrigen Jubildum des campo santo in Rom, Freiburg, 1897); Du Cange, Glossarium s.v. " Pallium "; Joseph Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident and Orient (Freiburg-i-B., 1907). _
PALL
 -MALL, an obsolete English game of French origin, called in France paille-maille (from palla, ball, and malleus, mallet). Sir Robert Dallington, in his Method for Travel (1598), says: " Among all the exercises of France, I prefer none before the Paille-Maille." James I., in his Basilikon doron, recommended it as a proper game for Prince Henry, and it was actually introduced into England in the reign of Charles I., or perhaps a few years earlier. Thomas Blount's Glossographia (ed. 167o) describes it as follows: " Pale Maille, a game wherein a round bowle is with a mallet struck through a high arch of iron (
standing
  at either end of an alley), which he that can do at the fewest blows, or at the number agreed on, wins. This game was hereto-fore used in the long-alley near St James's, and vulgarly called Pell-Mell." The pronunciation here described as " vulgar " afterwards became classic. A mallet and balls used in the game were found in 1845 and are now in the British Museum. The mallet resembles that used in croquet, but its head is curved and its ends sloped towards the shaft. The balls are of boxwood and about one foot in circumference. Pepys describes the alley as of hard sand " dressed with powdered cockle-shells." The length of the alley varied, that at St James's being about 800 yds. Some alleys had side walls.
' Father Joseph Braun, S.J., holds that the pallium, unlike other vestments, had a liturgical origin, and that it was akin to the scarves of office worn by priests and priestesses in
pagan
  rites. See Die pontifacalen Gewdnder des Abendlandes, p. 174 (Freiburg-i-B. 1898).


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