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Encyclopedia Britannica



PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)

This article appears in Volume V20, Page 456 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: PAI-PAS
PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine) , a
term
  used loosely (1) for the psycho-logical state, which may be generally described as " unpleasantness," arising, e.g. from the contemplation of a catastrophe or of moral turpitude, and (2) for
physical
  (or psycho-
physical
 ) suffering, a specific sensation localized in a particular part of the
body
 . The
term
  is used in both senses as the opposite of " pleasure," though it is doubtful whether the
antithesis
  between physical and psychical pleasure can be equally well attested. The investigation of the pleasure-pain phenomena of consciousness has taken a prominent place in psychological and ethical speculation, the terms " hedonics " and " algedonics " (hXynhiov, pain of
body
  or mind) being coined to express different aspects of the subject. So in aesthetics attempts have been made to assign to pain a specific psychological
function
  as tending to increase pleasure by contrast (so Fechner) : pain, e.g. is a necessary
element
  in the tragic. Scientists have experimented elaborately with a view to the precise localization of pain-sensations, and " pain-maps " can be
drawn
  showing the exact situation of what are known as " pain-spots." For such experiments
instruments
  known as " aesthesiometers " and " algometers
have been devised. The
great
  variety of painful sensations
throbbing, dull, acute, intermittent, stabbingled to the conclusion among earlier investigators that pains differ in quality. It is, however, generally agreed that all pain is qualitatively the same, though subject to temporal and intensive modification. (See PSYCHOLOGY; AESTHETICS; NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 ; SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
 .)


End of Article: PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)


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