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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: ORC-PAI |
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OYQR , flow 1 b dial tg~ ora c illezy with n t twad (shall) The London by-laws regulating drainage are very full and are strictly enforced. They include requirements regarding the size, Drainage form, gradient and methods of construction and repair of by-laws. drains, together with regulations affecting the design and fixing of traps, fittings and other apparatus connected with sanitary arrangements. Some of the headings of the different clauses of the by-laws are subjoined:water-closets; earth-closets; drainage of subsoil; drainage of surface water; rain-water pipes; materials, &c., for drains; size of drains; drain to be laid on bed of concrete 6 in. thick; if under buildings to be encased with 6 in. of zoncrete; drain to be benched up with concrete to half its diameter; fall of drain; joints of drain; drain to be water-tight; thickness and weight of iron pipes; thickness of sockets and joints of stoneware pipes; drains under buildings; composition of concrete; every inlet to drain to be trapped; drain beneath wall
arch, flagstone, or iron lintel; drain connected with sewer to be trapped and means of access to trap provided; no right-angled junctions to be formed either vertical or horizontal
untrapped openings to be provided for ventilation, each fitted with a grating or cowl with apertures for passage of air equal in area to that of the pipe to which it is fitted; ventilating shafts to be at least 4 in. in diameter, and if possible all bends and angles to be avoided; ventilating shafts to be of the same material, construction and weight as soil-pipes; no unnecessary inlets to drains to be made within buildings; waste-pipes from sinks and lavatories to be of lead, iron or stoneware, trapped immediately beneath the fitting; bell traps, dip traps and D traps are prohibited; waste-pipes to discharge in the open air into a properly trapped gulley; soil-pipes wherever practicable to be situate outside the building and to be of drawn
The by-laws respecting health and building in New York
York
capital . Thus no sanitary, plumbing or lighting work may be undertaken without first submitting for approval to the Department of Buildings complete and suitable drawings and particulars of the materials to be used. Such a notice is necessary even in the case of repairs and alterations to existing work. As a further guarantee of the work being satisfactory it is ordained that no such work shall be executed except under the superintendence of a registered plumber. Every master plumber in the city of New York or others working therein as such must obtain a certificate of competency from the Examination Board and be registered afresh every year during the month of March, as without such certificate or licence no work can be under-taken; any person violating such requirements shall upon conviction be fined for each offence 8250 or undergo three months' imprisonment or both, while in the case of any certificated plumber or his employes wilfully breaking, with his knowledge, any of the rules and regulations relating to drainage and plumbing, the certificate of the master is to be forfeited in addition to the aforementioned fine.II. CONVEYANCE OF SEWAGE.--For Small sewers, Circular pipes of glazed stoneware or of moulded cement are used, from 6 in. to 18 in. and even 20 in. in diameter. The pipes are made in short lengths, and are usually jointed Pipe sewers. by passing the end or spigot of one into the socket or faucet of the next. Into the space between the spigot and faucet a ring of gasket or tarred hemp should be forced, and the rest of the space filled up with cement. Other methods of jointing have already been described and illustrated. The pipes are laid with the spigot ends pointing in the direction of the flow, with a uniform gradient, and, where practicable, in straight lines. In special
shorter radius than the arch or upper side. The advantage of this form lies in the fact that great variations in the volume of flow must be expected, and the egg-section presents for the small or dry-weather flow a narrower channel than would be presented by a circular sewer of the same total capacity. Figs. 25 and 26 show two common forms End of Article: OYQR If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
<a href="http://jcsm.org/StudyCenter/Encyclopedia/ORC_PAI/OYQR.html"> OYQR </a> |
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