OSMAN (1832-1900)

This article appears in Volume V20, Page 352 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: ORC-PAI

OSMAN (1832-1900) , Turkish pasha and mushir (field

marshal

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

), was born at Tokat, in

Asia

ASIA

Minor

, in 1832. Educated at the military

academy

ACADEMY, GREEK
ACADEMY, ROYAL

Constantinople

CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

, he entered the cavalry in 1853, and served under Omar Pasha in the Russian War of 1853-56, in Wallachia and the Crimea. Appointed a captain, in the Imperial Guard, he went through the campaigns of the Lebanon in t86o and of

Crete

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

in 1867 to 1869, under Mustapha Pasha, when he distinguished himself at the capture of the convent of Hagia Georgia, and was promoted lieut.-colonel. He served under Redif Pasha in suppressing an insurrection in

Yemen

YEMEN (Yaman)

in 1871, was promoted major-general in 1874, and general of division in 1875. Appointed to command the army corps at Widin in 1876 on the declaration of war by Servia, he defeated Tchnernaieff at Saitschar and again at Yavor in July, invaded Servia and captured Alexinatz and Deligrad in October, when the war ended. Osman was promoted to be mushir, and continued in the command of the army corps at Widin. When the Russians crossed the Danube in July 1877, Osman moved his force to Plevna, and, with the assistance of his engineer, Tewfik Pasha, entrenched himself there on the right flank of the Russian line of communication, and gradually made the position a most formidable one. He repulsed the three general assaults of the Russians on the loth and 3oth July and the 11th September, inflicting on them

great

GREAT

losssome 30,000 men in the three battles. He held the position, after being closely invested, until the 9th December, when, compelled by want to cut his way out, he was severely wounded and forced to capitulate. This famous improvised defence of a position delayed the Russians for five months, and entailed their crossing the Balkan range in the depth of winter after the third battle of Plevna. The sultan conferred on Osman the Grand

Cross

CROSS

of the Osmanie in brilliants and the title of " Ghazi " (victorious), and, when he returned from imprisonment in Russia,
made him commandant of the Imperial Guard, grand-master of the artillery and

marshal

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

of the palace. In December 1878 he became war minister, and held the post, with a small break, until 1885. He died at

Constantinople

CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

, in the palace built for him by the sultan near Yildiz Kiosk, on the 14th of April
1900, and his

body

BODY

was buried with

great

GREAT

pomp in the Sultan Muhammad Mosque.

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