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Encyclopedia Britannica



OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight)

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 992 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: NUM-ORC
OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight) , a period or
series
  of eight members. In ecclesiastical usage the octave is the eighth day after a particular church festival, the feast day itself and the " octave " being counted. The octave thus always falls on the same day of the
week
  as the festival, and any event occurring during the period is said to be " in the octave." In music, an octave is the eighth full tone above or below any given note. It is produced by double or half the number of vibrations corresponding to the given note. In the interval between a note and its octave is contained the full scale, the octave of a note forming the starting-point of another scale of similar intervals to the first. The interval between a note and its octave is also called an octave. The name is also applied to an open metal stop in an organ, and to a
flute
  (more usually known as the piccolo) one octave higher in pitch than the regular
flute
 . It is also a term for a " parade " in fencing. The " law of octaves " was a term applied in 1865 to a relation-ship among the chemical elements enunciated by J. A. R. Newlands.
In literature an octave is a form of verse consisting of eight iambic lines, and complete in itself. From its use by the poets of Sicily, the recognized type of this form is usually called the Sicilian Octave. It is distinguished from a single stanza of ottava rima, in which the rhyme-arrangement is abababcc, by having only two rhymes, arranged abababab. In German literature the octave has been used not infrequently since 1820, when Ruckert published " Sicilianen," as they are called in German, for the first time. The word octave is also often used to describe
paralysed, wholly collapsed. O'Connell died on the 15th of May 1847, at Genoa, whilst on his way to Rome. His
body
  was brought back to Dublin and buried in Glasnevin cemetery.
O'Connell was a remarkable man in every sense of the word, of splendid physique, and with all the attractions of a popular leader. Catholic Ireland calls him her " Liberator " still; and history will say of him that, with some failings, he had many and great gifts, that he was an orator of a high order, and that, agitator as he was, he possessed the wisdom, the caution and the tact of a real statesman. Nevertheless he not only failed to accomplish the
chief
  aim of his life, but Lecky trenchantly observes that " by a singular fatality the great advocate of repeal did more than any one else to make the Union a necessity. ... He destroyed the sympathy between the people and their natural leaders; and he threw the former into the hands of men who have subordinated all national to ecclesiastical considerations, or into the hands of reckless, ignorant, and dishonest adventurers." O'Connell married in 1802 his cousin Mary O'Connell, by whom he had three daughters and four sons, Maurice, Morgan, John (18101858), known as the " Young Liberator," and Daniel, who all sat in parliament.
His son John published a Life in 1846 and Recollections and Experiences in 1849. There are also biographies by W. Fagan (1847), M. F. Cusack (1872), J. O'Rourke and O'Keeffe (1875), and J. A. Hamilton (1888). See especially W. E. H. Lecky's essay in the revised edition of his Leaders of Public
Opinion
  in Ireland vol. H. (1903). (W. O. M.)
O'CONNOR, FEARGUS EDWARD (1794-1855), Chartist leader, was a son of the Irish Nationalist politician Roger O'Connor (17621834), and nephew of Arthur O'Connor (17631852), who was the agent in France for Emmet's rebellion; both belonged to the " United Irishmen." He entered parliament as member for the county of Cork in 1832. Though a zealous supporter of repeal, he endeavoured to supplant O'Connell as the leader of the party, an attempt which aroused against him the popular antipathy of the Irish. In 1835 he was unseated on petition, and after
standing
  unsuccessfully for Oldham he took to stumping England in favour of the new Radical doctrines of the day, and the use of physical force for their adoption. In 1837 he established the Northern Star newspaper at Leeds, and became a vehement advocate of the Chartist
movement
 . He was imprisoned for seditious libel in 1840, and after his release became prominent for his attack on John
Bright
 , and the anti-corn-law league. In 1847 he was returned for Nottingham, and in 1848 he presided at a Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, which caused great alarm (see CHARTISM). But the projected march on Westminster fizzled out when the preparations made to receive it became known. The eccentricity which had characterized his opinions from the beginning of his career gradually became more marked until they developed into insanity. He began to conduct himself in a disorderly manner in the
House
  of Commons, and in 1852 he was found to be of unsound mind by a commission of lunacy. He died at London on the 3oth of August 1855, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery.


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