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Encyclopedia Britannica



NUMANTIA

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 847 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: NEW-NUM
NUMANTIA , an ancient hill fortress in northern Spain, in the province of
Soria
  (Old Castile), overhanging the
village
  of Garray, near the town of
Soria
 , on the upper Douro. Here, on a small isolated high
plateau
  in the middle of the valley, was the stronghold which played the
principal
 
part
  in a famous struggle between the conquering Romans and the native Spaniards during the years 154-133 B.C. Numantia was especially concerned in the latter
part
  of this war from 144 onwards. It was several times unsuccessfully besieged. Once the Roman general Hostilius Mancinus with his whole army was compelled to surrender (137). Finally, Scipio Aemilianus, Rome's first and only general in that age, with some 6o,000 men drew round the town 6 m. of continuous entrenchments with seven camps at intervals. After 15 months (134-133) he reduced by hunger the 6000-8000 Numantine soldiers, much as Caesar afterwards reduced Alesia in Gaul. The result was regarded as a glorious victory, and in Roman literature the fall of Numantia was placed beside the fall of Carthage (149 B.C.). In truth, the maintenance in effective
condition
  of so large a Roman force in so remote and difficult a region was in itself a real achievement and such as at that time no one but Scipio could have performed. He redeemed by organized
strategy
  the vacillations and follies of statesmen who had sat at
home
  and sent out inadequate expeditions or incompetent commanders. The site was, under the Roman Empire, occupied by a Roman town called Numantia, and the Itinerary tells of a Roman road which ran past it. It is to-day a " Monumento Nacional " of Spain, and has yielded
(1905-1910), who has traced the Celtiberian town, the lines of Scipio and several other Roman camps dating from the Numantine Wars. (F. J. H.)


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