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Encyclopedia Britannica



NICHOLAS III

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 650 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: NEW-NUM
NICHOLAS III . (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini),
pope
  from the 25th ,of November 1277 to the 22nd of August 128o, was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St Nicola in carcere Tulliano by Innocent IV.,
protector
  of the
Franciscans
  by Alexander IV., inquisitor-general by Urban IV., and succeeded John XXI., largely through family influence, after a six-months' vacancy in the Holy See. His brief pontificate was marked by several important events. A born politician, he greatly strengthened the papal position in Italy. He concluded a
concordat
  with Rudolph of
Habsburg
  in May 1278, by which the Romagna and the exarchate of Ravenna were guaranteed to the
pope
 ; and in July he issued an epoch-making constitution for the government of Rome, which forbade foreigners taking civil office. Nicholas issued the
bull
  Exiit on the 14th of August 1279 to settle the strife within the Franciscan order between the parties of strict and loose observance. He repaired the Lateran and the Vatican at enormous cost, and erected a beautiful country
house
  at Soriano near Viterbo. Nicholas, though a man of learning and strength of character, brought just reproach on himself for his efforts to found principalities for his nephews and other relations. He died from a stroke of apoplexy and was succeeded by Martin IV.
See " Les Registres de Nicolas III.," published by Jules Gay in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1898-1905) ; A. Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. vol. 2 (Berlin, 1875) ; A. Demski, " Papst Nikolaus III." in Kirchengeschichtliche Studien (Munster, i9o3); F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 19001902); Fr. Wertsch, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von
Habsburg
  zur rom. Kurie bis zum Tode Nikolaus III. (Bochum, 188o) ; G. Palmieri, Introiti ed esiti di Papa Niccoib III. (Rome, 1889). (C. H. HA.)


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