NICEPHORUS II

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 648 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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NICEPHORUS II . (Phocas), emperor 963969, belonged to a Cappadocian family which had produced several distinguished generals. He was born about 912, joined the army at an early age, and, under Constantine VII., became

commander

COMMANDER

on the eastern frontier. In the war with the Saracens he began with a severe defeat (956), which he retrieved in the years following by victories in Syria. In 96o he led an expedition to Crete, stormed Candia after a ten months' siege, and wrested the whole island from the Saracens. After receiving the unusual honours of a

triumph

TRIUMPH (triumphus)

, he returned to the

east

EAST
EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

with a large and well-equipped army. In the campaigns of 96263 by brilliant strategy he forced his way through Cilicia into Syria and captured Aleppo, but made no permanent conquests. Upon the death of Romanus II. he returned to

Constantinople

CONSTANTINOPLE
CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

to defend himself against the intrigues of the minister Bringas. With the help of the regent Theophano and the patriarch, he received supreme command of the eastern forces, and being proclaimed emperor by these marched upon the

capital

CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

, where meanwhile his partisans had overthrown his enemy Bringas. Thanks to his popularity with the army, Nicephorus was crowned emperor by the side of Romanus's infant sons, and in spite of the patriarch's opposition married their mother Theophano. During his reign he continued to wage numerous wars. In 964966 he definitely conquered Cilicia and again overran

Mesopotamia

MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

and Syria, while the patrician Nicetas recovered Cyprus. In 968 he reduced most of the fortresses in Syria, and after the fall of Antioch and Aleppo (969), which were recaptured by his lieutenants, secured his conquests by a peace. On his northern frontier he began a war against the Bulgarians, to whom the Byzantines had of

late

LATE

been paying tribute (967), and by instigating an attack from the
Russians distracted their attention effectively. Nicephorus was less successful in his western wars. After renouncing his tribute to the Fatimite caliphs, he sent an expedition to Sicily under Nicetas (964-65), but was forced by defeats on land and sea to evacuate that island completely. In 967 he made peace with the Saracens of Kairawan and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, Otto I. of Germany, who had attacked the Byzantine possessions in Italy; but after some initial successes his generals were defeated and driven back upon the southern

coast

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

. Owing to the care which he lavished upon the proper maintenance of the army, Nicephorus was compelled to exercise rigid

economy

ECONOMY

in other departments. He retrenched the court largesses and curtailed the immunities of the clergy, and although himself of an ascetic disposition forbade the foundation of new monasteries. By his heavy imposts and the debasement of the coinage he forfeited his popularity with the rest of the community, and gave rise to riots. Last of all, he was forsaken by his wife, and, in consequence of a conspiracy which she headed with his nephew John Zimisces, was assassinated in his sleeping apartment. Nicephorus was the author of an extant treatise on military tactics which contains valuable information concerning the art of war in his time.

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