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Encyclopedia Britannica



NICEPHORUS I

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 647 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: NEW-NUM
NICEPHORUS I ., emperor 802-81I, was a native of Seleucia in Pisidia, who was raised by the empress Irene to the office of logothetes or lord high treasurer. With the help of the
patricians
 
    See Also:
and eunuchs he contrived to dethrone and
exile
  Irene, and to be elected emperor in her
stead
 . His sovereignty was endangered by Bardanes, one of his ablest generals, who revolted and received support from other commanders, notably the later emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian. But Nicephorus gained over the latter two, and by inducing the rebel army to disperse achieved the submission of Bardanes, who was relegated to a monastery. A conspiracy headed by the patrician Arsaber had a similar issue. Nicephorus, who needed large sums to strengthen his military force, set himself with
great
  energy to increase the empire's revenue. By his rigorous imposts he alienated the favour of his subjects, and especially of the clergy, whom he otherwise sought to
control
  firmly. In 803 and 8ro he made a treaty with Charlemagne, by which the limits of the two empires were amicably fixed. Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast and
South
  Italy were assigned to the
East
 , while Rome, Ravenna and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm. By with-holding the tribute which Irene had agreed to pay to Harun al-Rashid, Nicephorus committed himself to a war with the Saracens. Compelled by Bardanes's disloyalty to take the field himself, he sustained a severe defeat at Crasus in Phrygia (8o5), and the subsequent inroads of the enemy into Asia
Minor
  induced him to make peace on condition of paying a yearly contribution of 30,000 gold pieces. By the death of Harun in 809, Nicephorus was left free to deal with the Bulgarian king, Krum, who was harassing his northern frontiers. In 811 Nicephorus invaded Bulgaria and drove Krum to ask for terms, but in a night attack he allowed himself to be surprised and was slain along with a large portion of his army. Krum is said to have made a drinking-cup of Nicephorus's skull.


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