NEWS

This article appears in Volume V10, Page 746 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: NAN-NEW

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carried on by different men in distinct shops, yet the foregoing principles and methods apply to all alike.

Work

WORK

is done in green, i.e. moist sand, in dry sand (the moulds being dried before being used), and in plastic

loam

LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

(which is subsequently dried). Hand and

machine

moulding are practised in each, the last-named excepted. The differences in working are those due to the various characteristics of the different metals and

alloys

ALLOYS (through the Fr. aloyer, from Lat. alligare, to combine)

, which involve differences in the sand mixtures used, in the dimensions of the pouring channels, of the temperature at which the metal or alloy must be poured, of the fluxing and cleansing of the metal, and other details of a

practical

PRACTICAL

character. Hence the practice which is suitable for one department must be modified in others. Many castings in steel would inevitably fracture if poured into moulds prepared for iron, many iron castings would fracture if poured into moulds suitable for

brass

BRASS
BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

, and neither

brass

BRASS
BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

nor steel would fill a mould having ingates proportioned suitably for iron.
A

special

SPECIAL

kind of casting is that into " chill moulds," adopted in a considerable number of iron castings, such as the railway wheels in the United States,

ordinary

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

tramway wheels, the rolls of iron and steel

rolling

ROLLING

mills, the bores of cast wheel hubs, &c. The chill ranges in depth from 4 in. to i in., and is produced by pouring a

special

SPECIAL

mixture of mottled, or strong, iron against a cold iron surface, the parts of the casting which are not required to be chilled being surrounded by an

ordinary

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

mould of sand. The purpose of chill-casting is to produce a surface hardness in the metal.
The shrinkage of metal is a fact which has to be taken account of by the pattern-maker and moulder. A pattern and mould are made larger than the size of the casting required by the exact amount that the metal will shrink in cooling from the molten to the cold state. This amount varies from s in. in 15 in., in thin iron castings, to s in. in 12 in. in heavy ones. It ranges from ag in. to $g in. per foot in steel, brass and

aluminium

ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

. Its variable amount has to be borne in mind in making light and heavy castings, and castings with or without cores, for massive cores retard shrinkage. It is also a fruitful cause of fracture in badly proportioned castings, particularly of those in steel. Brass is less liable to suffer in this respect than iron, and iron much less than steel. (J. G. H.)

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