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Encyclopedia Britannica



MURDOCK, WILLIAM (1754-1839)

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 34 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MOS-NAN
MURDOCK, WILLIAM (1754-1839) , British inventor, was born near the
village
  of Auchinleck in Ayrshire on the 21st of August 1754. His father, John Murdoch (as the name is spelt in
Scotland
 ), was a millwright and miller, and William was brought up in the same occupation. In 1777 he entered the employment of Boulton &
Watt
  in the Soho works at firming-ham, and about two years afterwards he was sent to
Cornwall
  to superintend the fitting of
Watt
 's engines. It is said that, while staying at Redruth he carried a
series
  of experiments in the
distillation
  of coal so far that in 1792 he was able to light his cottage and offices with gas, but the evidence is not conclusive. However, after his return to
Birmingham
  about 1799, he made such progress in the discovery of
practical
  methods for making, storing and purifying gas that in 1802 a portion of the exterior of the Soho factory was lighted with it in celebration of the peace of Amiens, and in the following year it was brought into use for the interior. Murdock was also the inventor of important improvements in the steam-
engine
 . He was the first to devise an oscillating
engine
 , of which he made a model about 1784; in 1786 he was busysomewhat to the annoyance of both Boulton and Wattwith a steam carriage or road locomotive; and in 1799 he invented the long D slide valve. He is also believed to have been the real deviser of the sun and
planet
  motion patented by Watt in 1781. In addition his ingenuity was directed to the utilization of compressed air, and in 1803 he constructed a steam gun. He retired from business in 1830, and died at Soho on the 15th of November 1839.
At the celebration of the centenary of gas lighting in 1892, a bust of Murdock was unveiled by Lord Kelvin in the Wallace Monument.
II
Stirling, and there is also a bust of him by Sir F. L. Chantrey at Handsworth Church, where he was buried. His " Account of the Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes " appeared in the Phil. Trans. for i8o8.


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