MUNZINGER, WERNER (1832-1875)

This article appears in Volume V19, Page 14 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MUNZINGER, WERNER (1832-1875) , Swiss linguist and traveller, was born at Olten in Switzerland, on the 21st of April 1832. After studying natural science, Oriental languages and history, at Bern,

Munich

MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

and Paris, he went to

Egypt

EGYPT

in 1852 and spent a year in Cairo perfecting himself in Arabic. Entering a French mercantile

house

HOUSE
HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
Gothic
- GOTHIC
it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

, he went as leader of a trading expedition to various parts of the Red Sea, fixing his quarters at Massawa, where he acted as French

consul

. In 1855 he removed to Keren, the

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

town of the Bogos, in the north of Abyssinia, which country he explored during the next six years. In 1861 he joined the expedition under T. von Heuglin to Central Africa, but separated from him in November in northern Abyssinia, proceeding along the Gash and Atbara to Khartum. Thence, having meantime succeeded Heuglin as leader of the expedition, he travelled in 1862 to Kordofan, failing, however, in his attempt to reach Darfur and Wadai. After a short stay in Europe in 1863, Munzinger returned to the north and north-

east

EAST
EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

border-lands of Abyssinia, and in 1865, the year of the annexation of Massawa by

Egypt

EGYPT

, was appointed British

consul

at that town. He rendered valuable aid to the Abyssinian expedition of 1867-68, among other things exploring the almost unknown Afar country. In acknowledgment of his services he received the C.B. In 1868 he was appointed French consul at Massawa, and in 1871 was named by the khedive Ismail

governor

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

of that town with the title of bey. In 187o, with Captain S. B. Miles, Munzinger visited southern Arabia. As

governor

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

of Massawa he annexed to Egypt the Bogos and Hamasen provinces of northern Abyssinia, and in 1872 was made pasha and governor-general of the eastern Sudan. It is believed that it was on his advice that Ismail sanctioned the Abyssinian enterprise, but on the war assuming larger proportions in 1875 the command of the Egyptian troops in northern Abyssinia was taken from Munzinger, who was selected to command a small expedition intended to open up communication with Menelek, king of Shoa, then at enmity with the negus Johannes (King John) and a potential ally of Egypt. Leaving Tajura Bay on the 27th of October 1875 Munzinger started for Ankober with a force of 350 men, being accompanied by an

envoy

ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

from Menelek. The desert country to be traversed was in the hands of hostile tribes, and on reaching Lake Aussa the expedition was attacked during the night by GallasMunzinger, with his wife and nearly all his companions, being killed.
Munzinger's contributions to the knowledge of the country, people and languages of north-eastern Africa are of solid value. See Proc. R.G.S., vol. xiii.; Journ. R.G.S., vols. xxxix., xli. and xlvi. (obituary notice) ; Petermanns Mitteilungen for 1858, 1867, 1872, et seq. ; Dietschi and \Veber, Werner Munzinger, ein Lebensbild (1875); J. v. Keller-Zschokke, Werner Munzinger Pasha (1890). Munzinger published the following works: Uber die Sitten and das Becht der Bogos (1859); Ostafrikanische Studien (1864; 2nd ed., 1883; his most valuable book) ; Die deutsche Expedition in Ostafrika (1865) ; Vocabulaire de la langue de Tigre (1865), besides papers in the geographical serials referred to, and a memoir on the northern borders of Abyssinia in the Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Erdkunde, new

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

, vol. iii.

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