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Encyclopedia Britannica



MONAD (Gr. ovas, unit, from ovos, alone)

This article appears in Volume V18, Page 685 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MOL-MOS
MONAD (Gr. ovas, unit, from ovos, alone) , a philosophic
term
  which now has currency solely in its connexion with the philosophy of
Leibnitz
 . In the earlier
Greek
  philosophy the
term
  meant unity as opposed to duality or plurality; at a later time it meant an individual, or, with the Atomists, an atom. It was first used in a sense approximate to that of
Leibnitz
  by Bruno, who meant by it a
primary
  spiritual
element
  as opposed to the material atom. Leibnitz, however, seems to haveborrowed the term not directly from Bruno, but from a con-temporary, Van
Helmont
  the younger. Leibnitz's view of things is that the world consists of monads which are immaterial centres of force, each possessing a certain grade of mentality, self-contained and representing the whole universe in miniature, and all combined together by a pre-established
harmony
 . Material things, according to Leibnitz, are in their ultimate nature composed of monads, each soul is a
monad
 , and God is the monas monadum. Thus monadism, or monadology, is a
kind
  of spiritual atomism. The theory has been revived in
recent
  years by C. B. Renouvier.


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