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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MIC-MOL |
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MODENA (ancient Mutina) , one of the principal cities of Emilia, Italy, the chief
Begun by the Countess Matilda of Tuscany in 1099, after the designs of Lanfranc, and consecrated in 1184, the Romanesque cathedral (S Geminiano) is a low but handsome building, with a lofty crypt, under the choir (characteristic of the Tuscan Romanesque architecture), three eastern apses, and a facade still preserving some curious sculptures of the 12th century. The interior was restored in 1897. The graceful bell-tower, erected in 12241319, named La Ghirlandina from the bronze garland surrounding the weathercock, is 335 ft. high; in the basement may be seen the wooden bucket captured by the Modenese from the Bolognese in the affray at Zappolino (1325), and rendered famous by Tassoni's Secchia Rapita. Of the other churches in Modena, the church of S Giovanni Decollato contains a Pieta in painted terra-cotta by Guido Mazzoni (1450-1518). The so-called Pantheon Estense (the church of S. Agostino, containing works of sculpture in honour of the house of Este) is a baroque
Muratori
inscriptions , &c.); the valuable archives, the Biblioteca Estense, with 90,000 volumes and 3000 MSS.; the Museo Civico, with large and good palaeo,ethnological and archaeological collections; a fine collection of textile fabrics, and the picture gallery, a good representative collection presented to the city by Francis V. and since augmented by the addition of the collection of the Marchese Campori. Many of the best pictures in the ducal collection were sold in the 18th century and found their way to Dresden. The town hall
Modena is the ancient Mutina in the territory of the Boil, which came into the possession of the Romans probably in the war of 215212 B.C. In 183 B.C. Mutina became the seat of a Roman colony. The Roman town lay immediately to the south-east of the modern; its north-western wall
1I is some 15 to 20 ft. below the modern town. Its vineyards and potteries are mentioned by Pliny, the latter doing a considerable export trade. Its territory was coterminous with that of Bononia and Regium, as its diocese is now, and to the south it seems to have extended to the summit of the Apennines. During the civil wars Marcus Brutus, the lieutenant of Lepidus, held out within its walls against Pompeius in 78 B.C., and in 44 B.C. the place was successfully defended by D. Brutus against Mark Antony for four months. The 4th century found Mutina in a state of decay; the ravages of Attila and the troubles of the Lombard period left it a ruined city in a wasted land. In the 7th century, perhaps owing to a terrible inundation,' its exiles founded, at a distance of 4 M. to the north-west, a new city, Citta Geminiana (still represented by the village
exile at Treviso. His only daughter, Maria Beatrice, married Ferdinand of Austria (son of Maria Theresa), and in 1814 their eldest son, Francis, received back the Stati Estensi. His rule was subservient to Austria, reactionary and despotic. On the outbreak of the French Revolution of 183o, Francis IV. seemed for a time disposed to encourage the corresponding movement
See Vedriani, Storia di Modena (1666) ; Tiraboschi, Mem. storiche modenesi (1793) ; Scharfenberg, Gesch. des Herzogth. Modena (1859); Oreste Raggi, Modena descritta (186o); Baraldi, Storia di Modena; Valdrighi, Diz. Storico, &c., delle contrade di Modena (17981880) ; Crespellani, Guida di Modena (1879) ; Cavedoni, Dichiarazione degli antici marmi Modenesi (1828). End of Article: MODENA (ancient Mutina) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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