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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MIC-MOL |
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MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816) , Spanish-American soldier and adventurer, was born at Caracas, Venezuela, about 1754. He entered the army, and served with the French in the American War of Independence. The success of that war inspired him with a belief that the independence of Spanish America would increase its prosperity. He began to scheme a revolution, but was discovered and had only just time to escape to the United States. Thence he went to England, where he was introduced to Pitt, but chiefly lived with the leading members of the oppositionFox, Sheridan and Romilly . Finding no help, he travelled through Austria and Turkey to Russia, where he was warmly received, but was dismissed with rich presents, at the demand of the Spanish ambassador , backed up by France. The news of the dispute between England and Spain about Nootka Sound in 1790 recalled him to England, where he saw a good deal of Pitt, but the peaceful arrangement of the dispute again destroyed his hopes. In April 1792 he went to Paris/ with introductions to Petion and the leading Girondists, hoping for aid in South America. France had too much to do to help others; but Miranda's friends sent him to the front as general of brigade. He distinguished himself under Dumouriez, was entrusted in February 1793 with the siege of Maestricht, and commanded the left wing of the French army at the disastrousbattle of Neerwinden. Although he had given notice of Dumouriez's treachery, he was put on his trial on the 12th of May, unanimously acquitted, but again imprisoned, and not released till after the 9th Thermidor. He was sentenced to be deported after the struggle of Vendemiaire, yet he continued in Paris till the coup d'etat of Fructidor caused him to take refuge
fair
Consul
Smith
great
governor , had little difficulty in defeating Miranda, and on the 26th of July the general capitulated on condition that he should be deported to the United States. The condition was not observed; Miranda was moved from dungeon to dungeon, and died on the 14th of July 1816 at Cadiz.There are allusions to Miranda's early life in nearly all memoirs of the time, but they are not generally very accurate. For his trial see Buchez et Roux, Histoire arlementaire, xxvii. 26-70. For his later life see J. Biggs, History of Miranda's Attempt in South America (London, 18o9); and Veggasi, Revolution de la Colombia. Prof_ William S. Robertson has recently devoted considerable research in the Spanish archives and elsewhere to Miranda, his monograph on F. de M. and the revolutionizing of Spanish America being awarded a prize of the American Historical Association in 1908. See also Marques de Rojas, El General Miranda (Paris, 1884), and his Miranda dans la revolution francaise (Caracas, 1889) ; and R. Becerra, Ensayo historico documentado de la vida de Don F. de M. (Caracas, 1896). End of Article: MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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