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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MIC-MOL |
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MILK AND BUTTER TESTS The award of prizes in connexion with milking trials cannot be determined simply by the quantity of milk yielded in a given period, say twenty-four hours. Other matters must obviously be taken into consideration, such as the quality of the milk and the time that has elapsed since the birth of the last calf. With regard to the former point, for example, it is quite possible for one cow to give more milk than another, but for the milk of the second cow to include the larger quantity of butter-fat. The awards are therefore determined by the total number of points obtained according to the following scheme :One point for every ten days since calving (deducting the first forty days), with a maximum of fourteen points. One point for every pound of milk, taking the average of two days' yield. Twenty points for every pound of butter-fat produced. Four points for every pound of solids other than fat." Deductions.Ten points each time the fat is below 3 %. Ten points each time the solids other than fat fall below 8.5%. This method of award is at present the best that can be devised, but it is possible that, as experience accumulates, some rearrangement of the points may be found to be desirable. Omitting many of the details, Table I. shows some of the results in the case of Shorthorn and Jersey
Cow. Age. In milk. Milk Fat. Other Total . Day Solids. Points. Years. Days. lb % % No. Shorthorns eligible 6 61 52.4 3.7 8.3 91'5. for Herd-Book-, Heroine III. Musical 7 16 45.2 3.2 9.3 90.8 Lady Rosedale 8 48 47.8 3.5 9.0 88.7 Shorthorns not eli- 9 33 70.2 3.5 8.9 144.1 gible for Herd- Book Granny Cherry, 9 Io3 55.5 4'0, 8.9 127.1 Chance 6 23 6oo 36 8.9 124.6 Jerseys- 12 256 41.7 4.9 9.4 112 Sultane 14th Queen Bess . . ' " 71 136 39.4 4.8 9.0 101 Gloaming IV. 7a 156 3o.5 6.7 9.5 94`9 ae. calving; and if the one day's yield of milk is desired in gallons, it can' be obtained approximately' by dividing the weight in ' A gallon of milk weighs 10.3 lb, so that very little error is in- volved in converting pounds to gallons by dividing the number of pounds by I n. ` . , pounds by 'o: thus, the Shorthorn cow Heroine Ill. gave 52.4 lb, or 5.24 gallons, of milk per day. The table is incidentally of interest
The milking trials are based upon a chemical test, as it is necessary to determine the percentage of fat and of solids other than fat in each sample of milk. The butter test, on the other hand, is a churn test, as the cream has to be separated from the milk and churned. The following is the scale of points used at the London dairy show in making awards in butter tests:- One point for every ounce of butter; one point for every completed ten days since calving, deducting the first forty days. Maxi-mum allowance for period of lactation, 12 points. Fractions of ounces of butter, and incomplete periods of less than ten days, to be worked out in decimals and added to the total points. In the case of cows obtaining the same number of points, the prize to be awarded to the cow that has been the longest time in milk. No prize or certificate to be given in the case of (a) Cows under five years old failing to obtain (b) Cows five years old and over failing to The manner in which butter tests are decided clear by a study of Table II. It is seen that larger Shorthorn cows-having a bigger f and consuming more food-gave both more frame to maintain TABLE II .Prize Shorthorn and Jersey
28 points. butter in the day of twenty-four hours, the Jersey milk was much the richer in fat. In the case of the first-prize Jersey the " butter ratio," as it is termed, was excellent, as only 13.83 lb of milk were required to yield I lb of butter; in the case of the second-prize Shorthorn, practically twice this quantity (or 27'11 lb) was needed. Moreover, if the days in milk are taken into account, the difference in favour of the Jersey is seen to be 123 days. The butter-yielding capacity of the choicest class of butter cows, the Jerseys, is amply illustrated in the results of the butter Butter Tests, Fourteen Years, 1886-1.899.tests conducted by the English Jersey Cattle Society over the period of fourteen years 1886 to 1899 inclusive. '.These teats were carried out year after year at half a dozen different shows, and the results are classified in Table III. according to the age of the animals. The average time in milk is measured by the number of days since calving, and the milk and butter yields are those for the day of twenty-four hours. The last column shows the " butter ratio." This number is lower in the case of the Jerseys than in that of the general run of dairy cows. The average results from the total of 1023 cows Of the various ages are: One day's milk, 32lb 24 oz., equal to about 3 gallons or 12 quarts; one day's butter, 1 lb Io4 oz.; butter ratio, 19'13 or about 16 pints of milk to 1 lb of butter. individual yields are sometimes extraordinarily high. Thus at the Tring show in 1899 the three leading Jersey cows gave the following results:- Cows' Ages. Cows Average Average Average Quantity Tested. Time in Milk Butter Milk to Milk. Yield. Yield. lb Butter. Years. No. Days. lb oz. lb oz. lb 2 34 0 13 18.43 I to 2 15 2 2 3 57 73 24 154 I 54 18'74 3 4 . Io8 77 29 14* I 10 18.42 4 5 . 165 72 32 52 1114 19.01 5 6 . 188 8o 32 154 112 18.76 6 7 189 89 34 74 , 13 18.92 7 ,,. 8 139 84 33 I14 1 131 18.40 8 9 71 82 33 62 112 19.03 9,,10 42 92 32 6 I I14 18.95 31 88 35 4 I 144 18.6o lo II 11 ,, 12 . 15 89 37 I I 134 19.96 I2 13 13 95 34 . I 102 20.56 14 (13 14 3 54 42 14 2 14 19'85 Live- Butter Cow. Age. Weight. In Milk. Butter. Ratio. Sundew 4th Years. lb Days. lb oz. lb 8 929 77 3 64 15.10 Madeira 5th . 7 Io6o 107 2 151 16.14 Em 7 864 44 3 44 13'32 No. of In Milk to r lb Breed. Cows. Milk. Butter. Butter. Shorthorn . . Io6 Days. lb oz. lb 50 I II 28.81 Jersey 126 99 1101 19.15 Guernsey
Red Polled 30 6o I 44 30.29 containing larger-sized fat globules, and is therefore more profitable for converting into butter; (b) that the weights of the animals, and consequently the proportionate food, must be taken into account in estimating the cost of the dairy produce; (c) that the influence of the stage reached in the period of lactation is much more marked in some breeds than in others. An instructive example of the milk-yielding capacity of Jersey cows is afforded in the carefully kept records of Lord Rothschild's herd at Tring Park, Herts. Overleaf are given the figures for four years, the gallons being calculated at the rate ofro lb of0 milk to the gallon. Milk Milk to Points Points Total for. Cows. Age. Milk. per Butter. I lb for Lacta- Points. Day. Butter. Butter. tion. Years. Days. lb oz. lb oz. lb No. No. No. Shorthorns- 9 104 55 2 2 54 23.67 37.25 6.40 43'65 1st . 2nd 9 34 72 7 2 10*-, 27II 42'75 . 42'75 3rd 7 33 58 5 2 74 23'47 39'75 .. 39'75 Jerseys- 7 157 29 10 2 24 13.83 34.25 11'70. 45.95 1st 2nd 4 103 33 10 2 3 15.37 35.00 6.30 41.30 3rd 12 257 40 13 1 12 23.32 28.00 12.00 40.00 The eight prize-winning jerseys on this occasion, with an obtain 32 points. average weight of 916 lb and an average of 117 days in milk; will be rendered yielded an average of 2 lb 9 oz: of butter per cow in the twenty-whilst the much four hours, the butter ratio working out at 1669. At the Tring show of 1900 a Shorthorn cow Cherry gave as much as 4 lb 41 oz. milk and more of butter in twenty-four hours; she had been in milk 41 days, the Butter Tests, London Dairy Show,'9oo. and her butter ratio worked out at15'79 which is unusually good for a big cow. In the six years 1895 to 'goo inclusive 285 cows of the Shorthorn, Jersey, Guernsey
Although cows in the showyard may perhaps be somewhat upset by their unusual surroundings, and thus not yield so well as at home, yet the average results of these butter-test trials over a number of years are borne out by the private trials that have taken place in various herds. The trials have, moreover, brought into prominence the peculiarities of different breeds, such as: (a) that the Shorthorns, Red Polls and Ferries, being cattle whose milk contains small fat globules, are better for milk than the Jerseys and Guernseys, whose milk is richer, 740 In 1897, 30 cows averaged 6396 lb, or 64o gallons per cow. In 1898, 29 6209 621 In 1899, 37 6430 ,, 643 In 1900, 39 6136 ,, 614 The average over the four years works out at about 63o gallons per cow per annum. Cows of larger type will give more milk than the Jerseys, but it is less rich in fat. The milk record for the year 19oo of the herd of Red Polled cattle belonging to Mr Garrett Taylor, Whitlingham, Norfolk,, affords a good example. The cows in the herd, which had before 1900 produced one or more calves, and in 1900 added another to the list
Though milking trials and butter tests are not usually available to the ordinary dairy farmer in the management of his herd, it is, on the other hand, a simple matter for him to keep what is known as a milk register. By a milk register is meant a record of the quantity of milk yielded by a cow. In other words, it is a quantitative estimation of the milk the cow gives. It affords no information as to the quality of the milk or as to its butter-yielding or cheese-yielding capacity. Nevertheless, by its aid the milk-producing capacity of a cow can be ascertained exactly, and her character in this respect can be expressed by means of figures about which there need be no equivocation. A greater or less degree of exactness can be secured, according to the greater or less frequency with which the register is taken. Even a weekly register would give a fair idea as to the milk yields of a cow, and would be extremely valuable as compared with no register at all.The practice of taking the milk register, as followed in a well-known dairy, may be briefly described. The cows are always milked in the stalls, and during summer they are brought in twice a day for this purpose. After each cow is milked, the pail containing the whole of her milk is hung on a spring balance suspended in a convenient position, and from the gross weight indicated there is deducted the already known weight of the pail.' The difference, which represents the weight of milk, is recorded in a book suitably ruled. This book when open presents a view of one week 's records. In the left-hand column are the names of the cows; on the right of this are fourteen columns, two of which receive the morning and evening record of each cow. In a final column on the right appears the week 's total yield for each cow; and space is also allowed for any remarks.1 A portable milk-weighing appliance is made in which the weight of the pail is included, and an indicator shows on a dial the exact weight in pounds and ounces, and likewise the volume in gallons and pints, of the milk in the pail. When the pail is empty the indicator of course points to zero. Fractions of a pound are not entered, but 18 lb 12 oz. would be recorded as 19 lb, whereas 21 lb 5 oz. would appear as 21 lb, so that a fraction of over half a pound is considered as a whole pound, and a fraction of under half a pound is ignored. By dividing the pounds by to the yield in gallons is readily ascertained. Every dairy farmer has some idea, as to each of his cows, whether she is a good, a bad or an indifferent milker, but such knowledge is at best only vague. By the simple means indicated the character of each cow as a milk-producer is slowly but surely recorded in a manner which is at once exact and definite. Such a record is particularly valuable to the farmer, in that it shows to him the relative milk-yielding capacities of his cows, and thus enables him gradually to weed out the naturally poor milkers and replace them by better ones. It also guides him in regulating the supply of food according to the yield of milk. The register will, in fact, indicate unerringly which are the best milk-yielding cows in the dairy, and which therefore are, with the milking capacity in view, the best to breed from.The simplicity and inexpensiveness of the milk register must not be overlooked. These are features which should commend it especially to the notice of small dairy farmers, for with a moderate number of cows it is particularly easy to introduce the register. But even with a large dairy it will be found that, as soon as the system has got fairly established, the additional time and trouble involved will sink into insignificance when compared with the benefits which accrue. The importance of ascertaining not only the quantity but also, the quality of milk is aptly illustrated in the case of two cows at the Tring show, 1900. The one cow gave in 24 hours 44 gallons of milk, which at 7d. per gallon would work out at about as. 7d.; she made 2 lb 12 oz. of butter, which at Is. 4d. per lb would bring in 3S. 8d.; consequently by selling the milk the owner lost about Is. Id. per day. The second cow gave 51 gallons of milk, which would work out at 3s. Id.; she made I lb 12 OZ. of butter, which would only be worth 2S. 4d., so that by converting the milk into butter the owner lost 9d. per day. The colour of milk is to some extent an indication of its quality the deeper the colour the better the quality. The colour depends upon the size of the fat globules, a deep yellowish colour indicating large globules of fat. When the globules are of large size the milk will churn more readily, and the butter is better both in quality and in colour. The following fifty dairy rules relating to the milking and general management of cows, and to the care of milk and dairy utensils, were drawn
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