MENANT, JOACHIM (18201899)

This article appears in Volume V18, Page 111 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MENANT, JOACHIM (18201899) , French

magistrate

MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

and orientalist, was born at

Cherbourg

CHERBOURG

on the 16th of April 182o. He was educated for the law, and became vice-president of the civil tribunal of Rouen in 1878, and a member of the tour d'appel three years later. But he became best known by his studies on the cuneiform

inscriptions

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

. Among his works on the subject of Assyriology are: Recueil d'alphabets des ecritures cuneiformes (186o); Expose des elements de la grammaire assyrienne (1868); Le Syllabaire assyrien (2 vols., 1869-1873); Les Langues perdues de la Perse et de l'Assyrie (2 vols., 1885-1886); Les Pierres gravees de la Haute-Asie (2 vols., 1883-1886). He also collaborated with

Julius

JULIUS

Oppert. He was admitted to the

Academy

ACADEMY, GREEK
ACADEMY, ROYAL

Inscriptions

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

in 1887, and died in Paris on the 30th of August 1899.
His daughter DELPHINE (b. 185o) received a prize from the

Academy

ACADEMY, GREEK
ACADEMY, ROYAL

for her Les Parsis, histoire des communautes zoroastriennes de l'Inde (1898), and was sent in 1900-1901 to British India on a scientific mission, of which she published a report in 1903.
M$NARD, LOUIS NICOLAS (1822-1901), French man of letters, was born in Paris on the 19th of October 1822. His versatile genius occupied itself in turn with

chemistry

, poetry,

painting

PAINTING

and history. In 1843 he published, under the pseudonym of L. de Senneville, a

translation

TRANSLATION

of Promethee delivre. Turning to

chemistry

, he discovered

collodion

COLLODION (from the Gr. &M a' , glue)

in 1846, but its value was not recognized at the time; and its application later to surgery and photography brought him no advantage. Louis Menard was a socialist, always in advance of the reform movements of his time. After 1848 he was condemned to imprisonment for his Prologue d'une revolution. He escaped to London, returning to Paris only in 1852. Until r86o he occupied himself with classical studies, the fruits of which are to be seen in his Fames (1855), Polytheisme hellenique (1863), and two academic theses, De sacra poesi graecorum and La Morale avant les philosophes (186o). The next ten years Menard spent chiefly among the Barbizon artists, and he exhibited several pictures. He was in London at the time of the Commune, and defended it with his pen. In 1887 he became professor at the Ecole des Arts decoratifs, and in 1895 professor of universal history at the Hotel de Ville in Paris. His Reveries d'un pal"en mystique (1876), which contained sonnets, philosophical dialogues and some stories, was followed in 1896 by Fames et reveries d'un pa en mystique. Menard died in Paris on the 12th of

February

FEBRUARY

Ig01.
His works include: Histoire des anciens peuples de l'Orient (1882); Histoire des Israelites d'aprbs l'exegbse biblique (1883), and Histoire des Grecs (18841886). There is an appreciation of Menard in the opening chapter of Maurice Barres's Voyage de Sparte.

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