MEGARIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY

This article appears in Volume V18, Page 77 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MEGARIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY . founded by Euclides of

Megara

MEGARA

, one of the pupils of Socrates. Two main elements went to make up the Megarian doctrine. Like the

Cynics

CYNICS

and the Cyrenaics, Euclides started from the Socratic principle that virtue is know-ledge. But into combination with this he brought the Eleatic doctrine of Unity. Perceiving the difficulty of the Socratic dictum he endeavoured to give to the word " knowledge " a definite content by divorcing it absolutely from the sphere of sense and experience, and confining it to a sort of transcendental dialectic or logic. The Eleatic unity is Goodness, and is beyond the sphere of sensible apprehension. This goodness, therefore, alone exists; matter, motion, growth and decay are figments of the senses; they have no existence for Reason. " Whatever is, is !" Knowledge is of ideas and is in conformity with the necessary

laws

LAWS

of thought. Hence Plato in the Sophist describes the Megarians as " the friends of ideas." Yet the
Megarians were by no means in agreement with the Platonic idealism. For they held that ideas, though eternal and immovable, have neither life nor action nor

movement

MOVEMENT

.
This dialectic, initiated by Euclides, became more and more opposed to the testimony of experience; in the hands of Eubulides and Alexinus it degenerated into hairsplitting, mainly in the form of the reductio ad absurdum. The strength of these men lay in destructive criticism rather than in construction: as dialecticians they were successful, but they contributed little to ethical speculation. They spent their energy in attacking Plato and Aristotle, and hence earned the opprobrious epithet of Eristic. They used' their dialectic subtlety to disprove the possibility of motion and decay; unity is the negation of

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. 冠 urmu', to bend)

, increase and decrease,

birth

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

and death. None the less, in ancient times they received

great

GREAT

respect owing to their intellectual pre-eminence. Cicero (Academics, ii. 42) describes their doctrine as a " nobilis disciplina," and identifies them closely with Parmenides and Zeno. But their most immediate influence was upon the Stoics (q.v.), whose founder, Zeno; studied under Stilpo. This philosopher, a man of striking and attractive personality, succeeded in fusing the Megarian dialectic with Cynic naturalism. The result of the combination was in fact a juxtaposition rather than a compound; it is manifestly impossible to find an organic connexion between a

practical

PRACTICAL

code like Cynicism and the transcendental logic of the Megarians. But it served as a powerful stimulus to Zeno, who by descent was imbued with oriental mysticism.
For bibliographical l information about the Megarians, see
EUCLIDES; EUBULIDES; DIODORUS CRONUS; STILPO. See also ELEATIC SCHOOL; CyNtcs; STOICS; and, for the connexion between the Megarians and the Eretrians, MENEDEMUS and PHAEDO. Also Zeller, Socrates and the Socratic Schaols; Dyeck, De Megaricorum doctrina (

Bonn

BONN

, 1827); Mallet, Histoire de l'ecole de Megare (Paris, 1845); Ritter, Ober die Philosophie der rmeg. Schule; Prantl, Geschichte der Logik, i. 32; Henne, L'ecole de Megare (Paris, 1843); Gomperz, Greek Thinkers (Eng. trans. 1905), ii. 170 seq.

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