MATILDA (1102-1164)

This article appears in Volume V17, Page 888 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MATILDA (1102-1164) , queen of England and empress, daughter of Henry I. of England, by Matilda, his first wife, was born in 1102. In 1109 she was betrothed to the emperor-elect, Henry V.; and was sent to Germany, but the

marriage

MARRIAGE

was delayed till 1114. Her husband died after eleven years of wedlock, leaving her childless; and, since both her brothers were now dead, she was recalled to her father's court in order that she might be recognized as his successor in England and Normandy. The

Great

GREAT

Council of England did homage to her under considerable pressure. Their reluctance to acknowledge a female sovereign was increased when Henry gave her in

marriage

MARRIAGE

to Geoffrey Plantagenet, the

heir

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a
house
- HOUSE
- HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
  Gothic
  - GOTHIC
  it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)
, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

of Anjou and Maine (1129); nor was it removed by the

birth

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

of the future Henry II. in 1133. On the old king's death both England and Normandy accepted his nephew, Stephen, of Mortain and Boulogne. Matilda and her husband were in Anjou at the time. They wasted the next few years in the attempt to win Normandy; but

Earl

EARL

Robert of Gloucester, the half-brother of the empress, at length induced her to visit England and raise her standard in the western shires, where his influencewas supreme. Though on her first landing Matilda only escaped capture through the misplaced

chivalry

CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from
Late
- LATE
Lat. caballerius)

of her opponent, she soon turned the tables upon him with the help of the Church and the barons of the west. Stephen was defeated and captured at Lincoln (1141); the empress was acclaimed lady or queen of England (she used both titles indifferently) and crowned at London. But the arrogance which she displayed in her prosperity alienated the Londoners and the papal legate, Bishop Henry of Winchester. Routed at the siege of Winches-ter, she was compelled to release Stephen in exchange for

Earl

EARL

Robert, . and thenceforward her cause steadily declined in England. In 1148, having lost by the earl's death her principal supporter, she retired to Normandy, of which her husband had in the meantime gained possession. Henceforward she remained in the background, leaving her eldest son Henry to pursue the struggle with Stephen. She outlived Henry's coronation by ten years; her husband had died in 1151. As queen-mother she played the part of a mediator between her sons and political parties. Age mellowed her temper, and she turned more and more from secular ambitions to charity and religious works. She died on the 3oth of January 1164.
See O. Rossler, Kaiserin Mathilde (Berlin, 1897) ; J. H. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville (London, 1892). (H. W. C. D.)

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