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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MAR-MEC |
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MARTYR (Gr. pimp or aprvs) , a word meaning literally " witness " and often used in that sense in the New Testament e.g. Matt. xviii. 16; Mark xiv. 63. During the conflict between Paganism and Christianity when many Christians " testified " to the truth of their convictions by sacrificing their lives, the word assumed its modern technical sense. The beginnings of this use are to be seen in such passages as Acts xxii. 2o; Rev. ii. 13, xiii. 6. During the first three centuries the fortitude of these " witnesses " won the admiration of their brethren. Ardent spirits craved the martyr
glory
graves
pilgrimage , and the day on whichthey suffered was celebrated as the birthday of their glory
great
thought that martyrdom would atone for sin, and imprisoned The chief
edition of Usuard (Acta Juni, vols. vi. and vii. ; and of iorentini, who published sanctorumin 1688 an annot ted edition of the Martyr
regular clergy, a practice which caused Cyprian and his fellow ology of St Jerome. The critical edition of the latter by J. B. de bishops much difficulty. The zeal of Ignatius (c. 115), who begs Rossi and Mgr. L. Duchesne, was published in 1894, in vol. ii. of the the Roman Church to do nothing to avert from him the martyr's Acta sanctorum Novembris. The historical martyrologies taken as death, was natural enough in a spiritual knight-errant, but with a whole have been studied by Dom Quentin (1908). There are also others in later days, in Phr is and North Africa, the numerous editions of calendars or martyrologies of less universalespecially Yg interest
for martyrdom became self-centred and forgetful of their normal See C. de Smedt, Introductio generalis ad historiam ecclesisticam duty. None the less it is true that these men and women endured Baackckerer, , ( i, 1876), pp. 127156; H. Matagne and V. de Buck in De Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, 2nd ed., torments, often unthinkable in their cruelty, and death rather vol. iii. pp. 369387; De Rossi-Duchesne, Les Sources du martyrologe than abandon their faith. The same phenomena have been hieronymien (Rome, 1885); H. Achelis, Die Martyrologien, ihre witnessed, not only in the conflicts within the Church that Geschichte and ihr Wert (Berlin, 1900) ; H. Delehaye, " Le Temoignage des martyrologes," in Analecta bollandiana, xxvi. 7899 (1907); marked the 13th to the 16th centuries, but in the different H. Quentin, Les Martyrologes historiques du moyen dge (Paris, mission fields, and particularly in Madagascar and China. r9o8). (H. DE.) See A. J. Mason, The Historic Martyrs of the Primitive Church MARULLUS, MICHAEL TARCHANIOTA (d. 1500), Greek (London, 1905) ; H. B. Workman, Persecution in the Early Church scholar, poet, and soldier, was born at Constantinople . In (London, 1906); Paul Allard, Ten Lectures on the Martyrs (London, 1453, when the Turks captured Constantinople , he was taken 1907) ; John Foxe, The Book of Martyrs; Mary I. Bryson, Cross and to Ancona in Italy, where he became the friend and pupil of Crown (London, 1904).J. J. Pontanus, with whom his name is associated by Ariosto End of Article: MARTYR (Gr. pimp or aprvs) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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