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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MAR-MEC |
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MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-1884) , Danish divine, was born at Flensburg on the 19th of August 18o8. He studied in Copenhagen, and was ordained in the Danish Church. At Copenhagen he was lektor in theology in 1838, professor extraordinarius in 184o, court preacher also in 1845, and professor ordinarius in 185o. In 1854 he was made bishop of Seeland. In his studies he had come under the influence of Schleiermacher, Hegel and Franz Baader; but he was a man of independent mind, and developed a peculiar speculative theology which showed a disposition towards mysticism and theosophy. His contributions to theological literature included treatises on Christian ethics and dogmatics, on moral philosophy, on baptism, and a sketch of the life of Jakob Boehme, who exercised so marked an influence on the mind of the great English theologian of the 18th century, William Law. Martensen was a distinguished preacher, and his works were translated into various languages. The " official " eulogy he pronounced upon Bishop Jakob P. Mynster (1775-1854) in 1854, brought down upon his head the invectives of the philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. He died at Copenhagen on the 3rd of February 1884.Amongst his works are: Grundriss des Systems der Moralphilosophie (1841; 3rd ed., 1879 ; German, 1845), Die christl. Taufe and die baptistische Frage (2nd ed., 1847; German, 2nd ed., ,86o), Den Christelige Dogmatile (4th ed., 1883; Eng. trans., 1866; German by himself, 4th ed., 1897) ; Christliche Ethik (1871; Eng. trans., Part I. 1873, Part II. 1881 seq.); Hirtenspiegel (1870-1872); Katholizismus and Protestantismus (1874); Jacob Bohme (1882; Eng. trans., 1885). An autobiography, Aus meinem Leben, appeared in 1883, and after his death the Briefwechsel zwischen Martensen and Darner (1888). MARTHA'S VINEYARD, an island including the greater part of Dukes county, Massachusetts, U.S.A., lying about 3 M. off the southern coast of that state. Its extreme length (east to west) is about 20 m., and its extreme width (north to south) about 92 M. Along its north-west and a portion of its north-east shore lies Vineyard Sound. Its principal bays are Vineyard Haven Harbor, a deep indentation at the northernmost angle of the island; and, on the eastern coast, Edgartown Harbor and Katama Bay, both formed by the juxtaposition of Chappaquiddick Island. The surface is mainly flat, excepting a strip about 2 M. broad along the north-western coast, and the two western townships (Chilmark and Gay Head), which are hilly, with several eminences of 200 to 300 ft.the highest, Prospect Peak, in Chilmark township, 308 ft. Gay Head Light; a beacon near the western extremity, stands among picturesque cliffs, 145 ft. above the sea. Along the southern coast are many ponds, all shut off from the ocean by a narrow strip of land, excepting Tisbury Great Pond, which has a small outlet to the sea. Others are Sengekontacket Pond on the eastern coast; Lagoon Pond, which is practically an arm of Vineyard Haven Harbor; and, about a mile east of the Harbor, Chappaquonsett Pond. Martha's Vineyard is divided into the following townships (from east to west): Edgartown (in the south-eastern part of the island), pop. (191o), 1191; area, 29'7 sq. m.; Oak Bluffs (north-eastern portion), pop. (191o), 1084; area, 7'9 sq. m.; Tisbury, pop. (191o), 1196; area, 7'1 sq. m.; West Tisbury, pop. (1910), 437; area, 3o'5 sq. m.; Chilmark, pop. (1910), 282; area, 19.4 sq. m.; and Gay Head, pop. (1910), 162; area 5.2 sq. m. The population of the county, including the Elizabeth Ids. (Gosnold town, pop. 152), N. W. of Martha's Vineyard; Chappaquiddick Island (Edgartown township), and No Man's Land (a small island south-west of Martha's Vineyard), was 4561 in 1900 (of whom 645 were foreign-born, including 79 Portuguese and 72 English-Canadians, and 154 Indians), and in 191o, 4504. The principal villages are Oak Bluffs on the north-cast coast, facing Vineyard Sound; Vineyard Haven, in Tisbury township, beautifully situated on the west shore of Vineyard Haven Harbor, and Edgartown on Edgar-town Harborall summer resorts. No Man's Land, included politically in Chilmark township, lies about 62 in. south of Gay Head. It is about 11 m. long (east and west) and about 1 in. wide, is composed of treeless swamps, and is used mainly for sheep-grazing; the neighbouring waters are excellent fishing ground. Martha's Vineyard is served by steamship lines from Wood's Hole and New Bedford to Vineyard Haven, Oak Bluffs, and Edgartown. The Martha's Vineyard railway (from Oak Bluffs to the south-east extremity of the island, by way of Edgartown), opened in 1874, was not a financial success, and had been practically abandoned in 1909, but an electric line from Oak Bluffs to Vineyard Haven provides transit facilities for that part of the island. For more than a century whale fishing was practically the sole industry of Martha's Vineyard. It was carried on at first from the shore in small boats; but by the first decade of the x8th century vessels especially built for the purpose were being used, and by 176o shore fishing had been practically abandoned. The industry, seriously crippled by invasions of British troops during the War of American Independence especially by a force which landed at Holmes's Hole (Vineyard Haven) in September 1778and again during the War of 1812, revived and was at its height in 1840-1850, only to receive another setback during the Civil War. In the last part of the 19th century its decline was rapid, not only because of the increasing scarcity of whales, but because of the introduction of the mineral
Martha's Vineyard was discovered in 1602 by Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, who landed (May 21) on the island now called No Man's Land, and named it Martha's Vineyard,' which name was subsequently applied to the larger island. Captain Gosnold rounded Gay Head, which he named Dover Cliff, and established on what is now Cuttyhunk Island, which he called Elizabeth Island, the first (though, as it proved, a temporary) English settlement in New England. The entire line of sixteen islands, of which Cuttyhunk is the westernmost of the larger ones, have since been called the Elizabeth Islands; they form the dividing line between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound, and in 1864 were incorporated as Gosnold township (pop. in 1905, 161) of Dukes county. The territory within the jurisdiction of the Council for New England was parcelled in 1635 among the patentees in such 1 In the 17th century both " Martha's Vineyard " and "Martin's Vineyard " were used, and the latter appears in a book as early as 1638 and in another as late as 1699, and on a map as late as 167o. It seems probable that the original
termsowing to insufficient knowledge of the geography of the coastthat both William Alexander, earl
York
York
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There is a tradition that the first settlement of Martha's Vineyard was made in 1632, at or near the present site of Edgar-town village
village
' Mayhew was born at Tisbury, Wiltshire, was a merchant in Southampton, emigrated to Massachusetts about 1633, settled at Watertown, Mass., in 1635; was a member of the Massachusetts General Court in -1636-1644, and after 1644 or 1645 lived on Martha's Vineyard. 2 It appears from a letter from Mayhew to Governor Andros in 1675 that about 1641 Mayhew obtained a conveyance to Martha's Vineyard from Richard Vines, agent of Gorges. See F. B. Hough, Papers Relating to the Island of Nantucket, with Documents Relating to the Original
3 In 1901, a boulder memorial was erected to the younger Mayhew on the West Tisbury road, between the village of that name and Edgartown, marking the spot where the missionary bade farewell to several hundred Indians. The Martha's Vineyard Indians were subject to the Wampanoag tribe, on the mainland, were expert watermen, and were very numerous when the whites first came. Nearly all of them were converted to Christianity by the Mayhews, and they were friendly to the settlers during King Philip's war. By 1698 their numbers had been reduced to about i000, and by 1764 to about 300. Soon after this they began to intermarry with negroes, and now only faint traces of them remain.it took the name of Cottage City. In 188o the township was incorporated under that name, which it retained until January 1907, when the name (and that of the village also) was changed to Oak Bluffs. Tisbury township was bought from the Indians in 1669 and was incorporated in 1671. Its principal village, Vineyard Haven, was called " Holmes's Hole " (in honour of one of the early settlers) until 1871, when the present name was adopted. West Tisbury township was set off from Tisbury, and incorporated in 1892. Chilmark township was incorporated in 1694. Gay Head township was set off from Chilmark, and incorporated in 187o. See C. Gilbert Hine, The Story of Martha's Vineyard (New York, 19o8); Charles E. Banks, " Martha's Vineyard and the Province of Maine " in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd series , vol. ix. p. 123 (Portland, Maine, 1898); and Walter S. Tower, A History of the American Whale Fishery (Philadelphia, 1907). (G. G.*)End of Article: MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-1884) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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