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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MAR-MEC |
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MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant) , a title given in various countries to certain military and civil officers, usually of high rank. The origin and development of the meaning of the designation is closely analogous with that of constable (q.v.). Just as the title of constable, in all its medieval and modern uses, is traceable to the style and functions of the Byzantine count of the stable, so that of marshal was evolved from the title of the marescalci, or masters of the horse, of the early Frankish kings. In this original
chivalry , and to the assumption of judicial and executive functions. The marshal, as a military leader, was originally a subordinate officer, the chief
commander
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Augustus
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In England the use of the word marshal in the sense of commander of an army appears very early; so Matthew Paris records that in 1214 King John constituted William, earl of Salisbury, marescalcus of his forces. The modern military title of field marshal, imported from Germany by King George II. in 1736, is derived from the high dignity of the marescalcus in a round-about way. The marescalcus campi, or marechal des champs, was originally one of a number of officials to whom the name, with certain of the functions, of the marshal was given. The marshal, being responsible for order in court and camp, had to employ subordinates, who developed into officials often but nominally dependent upon him. On military expeditions it was usual for two such marshals to precede the army, select the site of the camp and assign to the lords and knights their places in it. In II time of peace they preceded the king on a journey and arranged descent, the son of Thomas Marshall (173218o6) and his wife where the court marshal (Hofmarschall) is equivalent to the English lord chamberlain. Just as the marescalcus intrinsecus acted as the vicar of the marshal for duties " within " the court, so the marescalcus forinsecus was deputed to perform those acts of serjeanty due from the marshal to the Crown " without." Similarly there appears in the statute 5 Edw. III. cap. 8, a marescalcus banci regii (marechal du Banc du Roy), or marshal of the king's bench, who presided over the Marshalsea Court, and was responsible for the safe custody of prisoners, who were bestowed in the mareschalcia, or Marshalsea prison. The office of marshal of the queen's bench survived till 1849 (see LORD STEWARD; and MARSHALSEA). The official known as a judge's marshal, whose office is of considerable antiquity, and whose duties consisted of making abstracts of indictments and pleadings for the use of the judge, still survives, but no longer exercises the above functions. He accompanies a judge of assize on circuit and is appointed by him at the beginning of each circuit. His travelling and other expenses are paid by the judge, and he receives an allowance of two guineas a day, which is paid through the Treasury. He introduces the high sheriff of the county to the judge of assize on his arrival, and swears in the grand jury. For the French marechaussee see FRANCE: Law and Institutions. In the sense of executive legal officer the title marshal survives in the United States of America in two senses. The United States marshal is the executive officer of the Federal courts, one being appointed for each district, or exceptionally, one for two districts. His duties are to open and close the sessions of the district and circuit courts, serve warrants, and execute through-out the district the orders of the court. There are United States marshals also in Alaska, Hawaii
village
In England the title of marshal, as applied to an executive officer, survives only in the army, where the provost marshal is chief of the military police in large garrisons and in field forces. Office and title were borrowed from the French prevot des marechaux, the modern equivalent of the medieval praepositus marescalcorum or guerrarum. End of Article: MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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