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Encyclopedia Britannica



MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

This article appears in Volume V17, Page 543 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MAL-MAR
MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF . The Manchester title, in the English peerage, belongs to a branch of the family of Montagu (q.v.). The first
earl
  was SIR HENRY MONTAGU (c. 15631642), grandson of Sir Edward Montagu,
chief
  justice of the king's bench 15391545, who was named by King Henry VIII. one of the executors of his will, and
governor
  to his son, Edward VI. Sir Henry Montagu, who was born at Boughton, Northamptonshire, about 1563, was educated at Christ's College,
Cambridge
 , and, having been called to the bar, was elected recorder of London in 1603, and in 1616 was made
chief
  justice of the king's bench, in which office it fell to him to pass sentence on Sir Walter Raleigh in October 1618. In 162o he was appointed lord high treasurer, being raised to the peerage as Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, and Viscount Mandeville. He became president of the council in 1621, in which office he was continued by Charles I., who created him
earl
  of Manchester) in 1626. In 1628 he became lord privy seal, and in 1635 a
commissioner
  of the treasury. Although from the beginning of his public life in 16or, when he first entered parliament, Manchester had inclined to the popular side in politics, he managed to retain to the end the favour of the king. He was a judge of the Star Chamber, and one of the most trusted councillors of Charles I. His loyalty, ability and honesty were warmly praised by Clarendon. In conjunction with Coventry, the lord keeper, he pronounced an
opinion
  in favour of the legality of ship-money in 1634. He died on the 7th of November 1642. Manchester was
1 The title was derived, not from Manchester in Lancashire, but from Manchester (or Godmanchester) in Huntingdonshire, where the Montagu family estates were.married three times. One of his sons by his third wife was father of Charles Montagu, created earl of
Halifax
  in 1699. EDWARD MONTAGU, 2nd earl of Manchester (16021671), eldest son of the 1st earl by his first wife, Catherine
Spencer
 , grand-daughter of Sir John
Spencer
  of Althorpe, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge
 . He was member of parliament for Huntingdonshire 16231626, and in the latter year was raised to the peerage in his father's lifetime as Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, but was known generally by his courtesy title of Viscount Mandeville. His first wife, who was related to the duke of Buckingham, having died in 1625 after two years of marriage, Mandeville married in 1626 Anne, daughter of the 2nd earl of Warwick. The influence of his father-in-law, who was afterwards admiral on the side of the parliament, drew Mandeville to the popular side in the questions in dispute with the crown, and at the beginning of the Long Parliament he was one of the recognized leaders of the popular party in the upper
House
 , his name being joined with those of the five members of the
House
  of Commons impeached by the king in 1642. At the outbreak of the Civil War, having succeeded his father in the earldom in November 1642, Manchester commanded a regiment in the army of the earl of Essex, and in August 1643 he was appointed major-general of the parliamentary forces in the eastern counties, with Cromwell as his second in command. Having become a member of the " committee of both kingdoms " in 1644, he was in supreme command at Marston Moor (July 1, 1644) ; but in the subsequent operations his lack of energy brought him into disagreement with Cromwell, and in November 1644 he strongly expressed his disapproval of continuing the war (see CROMWELL, OLIVER). Cromwell brought the shortcomings of Manchester before parliament in the autumn of 1644; and early in the following year, anticipating the self-denying ordinance, Manchester resigned his command. He took a leading part in the frequent negotiations for an arrangement with Charles, was custodian with Lenthall of the great seal 16461648, and frequently presided in the House of Lords. He opposed the trial of the king, and retired from public life during the Commonwealth; but after the Restoration, which he actively assisted, he was loaded with honours by Charles II. In 1667 he was made a general, and he died on the 5th of May 1671. Manchester was madea K.G. in 1661, and became F.R.S. in 1667. Men of such divergent sympathies as Baxter, Burnet and Clarendon agreed in describing Manchester as a lovable and virtuous man, who loved peace and moderation both in politics and religion. He was five times married, leaving children by two of his wives, and was succeeded in the title by his eldest son, Robert, 3rd earl of Manchester (16341683).
See Lord Clarendon, History of the Rebellion qnd Civil Wars in England (7 vols., Oxford, 1839) and Life of Clarendon'(Oxford, 1827) ; S. R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, 16421649. (4 ' ols., London, 18861891) ; The Quarrel between Manchester and Cromwell, Camden Soc., N.S. 12 (London, 1875) ; Sir Philip Warwick, Memoirs of the Reign of Charles I. (London, 1701).


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