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Encyclopedia Britannica



MALIC ACID (HYDROXYETHYLENE SUCCINIC ACID), CIHSO5

This article appears in Volume V17, Page 489 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: MAL-MAR
MALIC ACID (HYDROXYETHYLENE SUCCINIC ACID), CIHSO5 , an organic acid found abundantly in the juices of many
plants
 , particularly in
mountain
 -ash berries, in unripe apples and in grapes. The acid potassium
salt
  is also found in the leaves and stalks of rhubarb. Since the acid contains an asymmetric carbon atom, it can exist in three' forms, a dextro-rotatory, a laevo-rotatory and an inactive form; the acid obtained in the various synthetical processes is the inactive form. It may be prepared by
heating
  racemic acid (see TARTARIC ACID) with fuming hydriodic acid; by
heating
  fumaric acid (q.v.) with water at 150--200 C.; by the action of nitrous acid on inactive aspartic acid; and by the action of moist silver
oxide
  on monobromsuccinic acid. It forms deliquescent crystals, which are readily soluble in
alcohol
  and melt at loo C. When heated for some time at 13o C. it yields fumaric acid (q.v.), and on rapid heating at 18o C. gives maleic anhydride and fumaric acid. It yields coumarins when warmed with sulphuric acid and phenols (H. v. Pechmann, Ber., 1884, 17, 929, 1649 et seq.). Potassium bichromate oxidizes it to malonic acid; nitric acid oxidizes it to oxalic acid; and hydriodic acid reduces it to succinic acid. The inactive variety may be split into the component active forms by means of its cinchonine
salt
  (G. J. W. Bremer, Ber., 188o, 13, 352).


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