LUXEMBURG

This article appears in Volume V17, Page 146 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: LUP-MAL

LUXEMBURG , or LtiTZELBURG (i.e. the little fortress or town), the

capital

CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

of the grand-duchy of the same name (see above), situated on the Alzette, a tributary of the Sflre. Pop. (1905) 20,984. The situation is romantic, steep" cliffs over-hanging the winding river, and the principal portion of the town with the palace and public buildings covering a centralplateau. The more densely populated parishes of Clausen, Pfaffenthal and Grund lie in the valley. As a fortress Luxemburg was considered the strongest in Europe after Gibraltar, which it was supposed to resemble because many of its casemates were cut into the rock. It was dismantled in 1867. Two colossal viaducts carry the railway and the approach from the railway station to the town. Since the place ceased to be a fortress the population has more than doubled, and the Alzette is lined with tanneries, breweries and distilleries. The Hotel de Ville dates from 1844 and contains a collection of antiquities. The church of Notre Dame was built in 1613, and that of St Michael, with parts dating from 1320, contains the tomb of blind John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia, slain at Crecy. There are two annual fete days, one in honour of Our Lady of Luxemburg, patroness of the city, held on the Sunday before Ascension Day, and the other the annual fair or Schobermesse (tent fair), instituted in 1340 and held each year on the 24th of August.
LUXEUIL-LES-BAINS, a town of eastern France, in the department of Haute-Saone, 18 m. N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. (1906) 5195. It is situated in a region of forests on the right bank of the Breuchin. It has an abbey-church dating from the 13th and 14th centuries, containing a curious 17th-century organ loft in the form of an immense bracket supported by a colossal figure of Hercules. The abbot's palace (16th and 18th centuries) serves as presbytery and town

hall

. A cloister of the 15th century and other buildings of the 17th century also remain. There are several mansions and houses dating from various periods from the 14th to the 16th century. The Maison Carl-6e, once the town

hall

, an interesting specimen of 15th-century architecture, was built by Perrin Jouffroy, father of Cardinal Jouffroy. The cardinal, who was born at Luxeuil in 1412, built the

house

with a graceful balcony and turret which faces the Maison Carree. The Maison de la Baille and the Maison Francois I. are of the Renaissance period. The fine modern Grammont Hospital is in the style of Louis XIII. Luxeuil is renowned for its

mineral

MINERAL

springs, of which there are seventeen, two being ferruginous, and the rest charged with chloride of sodium; their temperatures range from 7o to 158 F. The water is employed for drinking and for baths. The bathing

establishment

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement,
late
- LATE
Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

contains a museum of Gallo-Roman antiquities and there are also remains of Roman baths and aqueducts to be seen in or near it. Luxeuil has a communal college. Copper-founding, the spinning and weaving of

cotton

, lace-making, dyeing and the distilling of

kirsch

KIRSCH (or KIRSCHENWASSER)

are carried on.
Luxeuil was the Roman Lixovium and contained many fine buildings at the time of its destruction by the Huns under Attila in 451. In 590 St Calumban here founded a monastery, afterwards one of the most famous in Franche Comte. In the 8th century it was destroyed by the Saracens; afterwards rebuilt, monastery and town were devastated by the Normans in the 9th century and pillaged on several occasions afterwards. The abbey schools were celebrated in the middle ages and the abbots had great influence; but their power was curtailed by the emperor Charles V. and the abbey was suppressed at the Revolution.
See H. Beaumont, Etude Kist. sur l'abbaye de Luxeuil, 590-1790 (Lux. 1895) ; Grandmongin and A. Garnier, Hist. de la ville et des thermes"de Luxeuil (Paris, 1866), with 16 plates.

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