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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: LEO-LOB |
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LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich) , the capital of the Belgian province that bears its name. It is finely situated on the Meuse, and was long the seat of a prince-bishopric. It is the centre of the Walloon country, and Scott commits a curious mistake in Quentin Durward in making its people talk Flemish. The Liege Walloon is the nearest existing approach to the old Romance language. The importance of the city to-day arises from its being the chief
to i owing ts large output of arms it has been called the Birmingham of the Netherlands. The productive coal-mines of the Meuse valley, extending from its western suburb of Seraing to its northern faubourg of Herstal, constitute its chief
The great cathedral of St Lambert was destroyed and sacked by the French in 1794, and in 1802 the church of St Paul, dating from the loth century but rebuilt in the 13th, was declared the cathedral. The law courts are installed in the old palace of the prince-bishops, a building which was constructed by Bishop Everard de la Marck between 15o8 and 1540. The new boulevards are well laid out, especially those flanking the river, and the views of the city and surrounding country are very fine. The university, which has separate schools for mines and arts and manufactures, is one of the largest in the country, and enjoys a high reputation for teaching in its special
Liege is a fortified position of far greater strength than is generally appreciated. In the wars of the 18th century Liege played but a small part. It was then defended only by the citadel and a detached fort on the right side of the Meuse, but at. a short distance from the river, called the Chartreuse. Marl-borough captured these forts in 1703 in preparation for his advancein the following year into Germany which resulted in the victory of Blenheim. The citadel and the Chartreuse were still the only defences of Liege in 1888 when, after long discussions, the Belgian authorities decided on adequately fortifying the two important passages of the Meuse at Liege and Namur. A similar plan was adopted at each place, viz. the construction of a number of detached forts along a perimeter drawn
History.Liege first appears in history about the year 558, at which date St Monulph, bishop of Tongres, built a chapel near the confluence of the Meuse and the Legia. A century later the town, which had grown up round this chapel, became the favourite abode of St Lambert, bishop of Tongres, and here he was assassinated. His successor St Hubert raised a splendid church over the tomb of the martyred bishop about 720 and made Liege his residence. It was not, however, until about 930 that the title bishop of Tongres was abandoned for that of bishop of Liege. The episcopate of Notger (972-1oo8)was marked by large territorial acquisitions, and the see obtained recognition as an independent principality of the Empire. The popular saying was " Liege owes Notger to God, and everything else to Notger." By the munificent encouragement of successive bishops Liege became famous during the 11th century as a centre of learning, but the history of the town for centuries records little else than the continuous struggles of the citizens to free themselves from the exactions of their episcopal sovereigns; the aid of the emperor and of the dukes of Brabant being frequently called in to repress the popular risings. In 1316 the citizens compelled Bishop Adolph de la Marck to sign a charter, which made large concessions to the popular demands. It was, however, a triumph
Burgundy
Burgundy
and the power of the gilds. Between this date and the outbreak of the French Revolution the chief efforts of the prince-bishops were directed to maintaining neutrality in the various wars, and preserving their territory from being ravaged by invading armies. They were only in part successful. Liege was taken by Marl-borough in 1702, and the fortress was garrisoned by the Dutch until 1718. The French revolutionary armies overran the principality in 1792, and from 1794 to the fall of Napoleon
house
The see, which at first bore the name of the bishopric of Tongres, was under the metropolitan jurisdiction of the arch-bishops of Cologne. The principality comprised besides the town of Liege and its district
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