LABOUR CHURCH, THE

This article appears in Volume V16, Page 7 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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LABOUR CHURCH, THE , an organization intended to give expression to the religion of the labour

movement

MOVEMENT

. This religion is not theologicalit leaves theological questions to private individual convictionbut " seeks the realization of universal well-being by the

establishment

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement,
late
- LATE
Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

of Socialisma commonwealth founded upon justice and love." It asserts that " improvement of social conditions and the development of personal character are both essential to emancipation from social and moral bondage, and to that end insists upon the duty of studying the economic and moral forces of society." The first Labour Church was founded at Manchester (England) in October 1891 by a Unitarian minister, John Trevor. This has disappeared, but vigorous successors have been established not only in the neighbourhood, but in Bradford, Birmingham, Nottingham, London, Wolverhampton and other centres of industry, about 30 in all, with a membership of 3000. Many branches of the Independent Labour Party and the Social Democratic Federation also hold Sunday gatherings for adults and children, using the Labour Church hymn-book and a similar form of service, the reading being chosen from Dr Stanton Coit's

Message

MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

of Man. There are

special

SPECIAL

forms for child-naming, marriages and burials. The separate churches are federated in a Labour Church Union, which holds an annual conference and business meeting in March. At the conference of 1909, held in Ashton-under-Lyne, the name " Labour Church " was changed to " Socialist Church."
LA BOURDONNAIS, BERTRAND FRANCCOIS, COUNT MAHE DE (16991753), French naval

commander

COMMANDER

, was born at Saint Maio on the irth of February 1699. He went to sea when a boy, and in 1718 entered the service of the French India Company as a lieutenant. In 1724 he was promoted captain, and displayed such bravery in the capture of Mahe of the Malabar coast that the name of the town was added to his own. For two years he was in the service of the Portuguese viceroy of Goa, but in 1735 he returned to French service as

governor

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

of the Ile de France and the Ile de Bourbon. His five years' administration of the islands was vigorous and successful. A visit to France in 1740 was interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain, and La Bourdonnais was put at the head of a fleet in Indian waters. He saved Mahe, relieved General Dupleix at Pondicherry, defeated Lord Peyton, and in 1746 participated in the siege of Madras. He quarrelled with Dupleix over the conduct of affairs in India, and his anger was increased on his return to the Ile de France at finding a successor to himself installed there by his rival. He set sail on a Dutch vessel to present his case at court, and was captured by the British, but allowed to return to France on parole. Instead of securing a settlement of his quarrel with Dupleix, he was arrested (1748) on a charge of gubernatorial peculation and maladministration, and secretly imprisoned for over two years in the Bastille. He was tried in 1751 and acquitted, but his health was broken by the imprisonment and by chagrin at the loss of his property. To the last he made unjust accusations against Dupleix. He died at Paris on the loth of November 1753. The French government gave his widow a pension of 2400 livres.
La Bourdonnais wrote Traite de la mature des vaisseaux (Paris 1723), and left valuable memoirs which were published by his grandson, a celebrated chess player, Count L. C. Mahe de la Bourdonnais (17951840) (latest edition, Paris, 189o). His quarrel with Dupleix has given rise to much debate; for a long while the fault was generally laid to the arrogance and jealousy of Dupleix, but W.

Cartwright

and Colonel Malleson have pointed out that La Bourdonnais was proud, suspicious and over-ambitious.
See P. de Gennes, Memoirs pour le sieur de la Bourdonnais, avec les pieces justificatives (Paris, 1750) ; The Case of _Aide la Bourdonnais, in a

Letter

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

to a Friend (London, 1748) ; Fantin des Odoards, Revolutions de l'Inde (Paris, 1796) ; Collin de Bar, Histoire de l'Inde ancienne et moderne (Paris, 1814) ; Barchou de Penhoen, Histoire de la conquete et de la fondation de l'empire anglais clans l'Inde (Paris, 1840) ; Margry, " Les Isles de France et de Bourbon sous le gouvernement de La Bourdonnais," in La Revue maritime et coloniale (1862) ; W.

Cartwright

, " Dupleix et 1'Inde frangaise," in LaRevue britannique (1882); G. B. Malleson, Dupleix (Oxford, 1895); Anandaranga Pillai, Les Francais clans l'Inde, Dupleix et Labourdonnais, extracts du journal a'Anandaran-gappoulle 1736-1748, trans. in French by Vinsor in Ecole speciale des langues orientales vivantes,

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

3, vol. xv. (Paris, 1894).

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