KUNKEL (or KUNCKEL) VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN (1630-1703)

This article appears in Volume V15, Page 947 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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KUNKEL (or KUNCKEL) VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN (1630-1703) , German chemist, was born in 1630 (or 1638), near Rendsburg, his father being alchemist to the court of Holstein. He became chemist and apothecary to the dukes of Lauenburg, and then to the elector of Saxony, Johann Georg II., who put him in charge of the royal laboratory at Dresden. Intrigues engineered against him caused him to resign this position in 1677, and for a time he lectured on

chemistry

at Annaberg and

Witten

WITTEN

-berg. Invited to Berlin by Frederick William, in 1679 he be-came director of the laboratory and glass works of Brandenburg, and in 1688 Charles XI. brought him to Stockholm, giving him the title of Baron von Lowenstyern in 1693 and making him a member of the council of mines. He died on the loth of

March

1703 (others say 1702) at Dreissighufen, his country

house

HOUSE
HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
Gothic
- GOTHIC
it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

near Pernau. Kunkel shares with Boyle the honour of having discovered the

secret

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

of the process by which Brand of Hamburg had prepared phosphorus in 1669, and he found how to make artificial ruby (red glass) by the incorporation of purple of

Cassius

. His

work

WORK

also included observations on putrefaction and fermentation, which he spoke of as sisters, on the nature of salts, and on the preparation of pure metals. Though he lived in anatmosphere of alchemy, he derided the notion of the alkahest or universal solvent, and denounced the deceptions of the adepts who pretended to effect the transmutation of metals; but he believed mercury to be a constituent of all metals and heavy minerals, though he held there was no proof of the presence of "

sulphur

SULPHUR

comburens."
His

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

works were Oeffentliche Zuschrift von dem Phosphor Mirabil (1678) ; Ars vitriaria experimentalis (1689) and Laboralorium chymicum (1716).

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