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Encyclopedia Britannica



KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1818-1882)

This article appears in Volume V15, Page 698 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: JUN-KHA
KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1818-1882) , Russian general, was born at Maidani on the 3rd of
March
  1818. He entered the engineer branch in 1838, served in the campaigns in the Caucasus, rose to be colonel, and commanded the sappers and miners at the siege of Kars in 1855. On the capitulation of Kars he was deputed to settle the terms with General Sir W. Fenwick Williams. In 1861 he became director-general of engineers at the War Office, assisting General Milutin in the reorganization of the army. Promoted lieut.-general in 1864, he was nominated aide-de-camp-general and
governor
  of the military conscription of Vilna. In 1867 he became
governor
  of Turkestan, and held the post until his death, making himself a name in the expansion of the empire in central
Asia
 . He accomplished a successful campaign in 1868 against
Bokhara
 , capturing Samarkand and gradually subjugating the whole country. In 1873 he attacked
Khiva
 , took the
capital
 , and forced the
khan
  to become a vassal of
Russia
 . Then followed in 1875 the campaign against
Khokand
 , in which Kaufmann defeated the
khan
 , Nasr-ed-din.
Khokand
  north of the Syrdaria was annexed to
Russia
 , and the independence of the rest of the country became merely nominal. This rapid absorption of the khanates brought Russia into close proximity to Afghanistan, and the reception of Kaufmann's emissaries by the Amir was a main cause of the British war with Afghanistan in 1878. Although Kaufmann was unable to induce his government to support all his ambitious schemes of further conquest, he sent Skobeleff in 188o and 188, against the Akhal Tekkes, and was arranging to add Mery to his annexations when he died suddenly at Tashkend on the 15th of May 1882.


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