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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: JUN-KHA |
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KARS , a fortified town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the province of Kars, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzerum. It is situated in 4o 37' N. and 430 6' E., 185 m. by rail S.W. of Tiflis
Aras
cathedral
bishop
Church
During the 9th and loth centuries the seat of an independent Armenian principality, Kars was captured and destroyed by the Seljuk Turks in the rrth century, by the Mongols in the 13th, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1387. The citadel, it would appear, was built by Sultan Murad III. during the war with Persia, at the close of the 16th century. It was strong enough to with-stand a siege by Nadir Shah of Persia, in 1731, and in 1807 it successfully resisted the Russians. After a brave defence it surrendered on the. 23rd of June 1828 to the Russian general Count I. F. Paskevich, rr,000 men becoming prisoners of war. During the Crimean War the Turkish garrison, guided by General Williams (Sir W. Fenwick Williams of Kars) and other foreign officers, kept the Russians at bay during a protracted siege; but, after the garrison had been devastated by cholera, and food had utterly failed, nothing was left but to capitulate (Nov. 1855). The fortress was again stormed by the Russians in the war of 187778, and on its conclusion was transferred to Russia.See Kmety, The Defence of Kars (1856), translated from the German; H. A. Lake, Kars and our Captivity in Russia (London, '856); and Narrative of the Defence of Kars (London, 1857) ; Dr Sandwith, Narrative of the Siege of Kars (London, I856); C. B. Norman, Armenia and the Campaign of 1877 (London, 1878); Greene
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