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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: JEE-JUN |
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JOHN, THE APOSTLE , in the Bible, was the son of Zebedee, a Galilean fisherman, and Salome. It is probable that he was born at Bethsaida, where along with his brother James he followed his father's occupation. The family appears to. have been in easy circumstances;. at least we find that Zebedee employed hired servants, and that Salome was among those women who contributed to the maintenance of Jesus (Marki. 20, xv. 40, 41, xvi. 1). John's " call
village
bear testimony to the fact pf the resurrection (iii. 1226, iv. 13, 1922); and is sent with Peter to Samaria, to confirm the newly converted Christians there (viii. 14, 25). St Paul tells us similarly that when, on his second visit to Jerusalem, " James," the Lord's brother, ", and Cephas and John, who were considered pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should, go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision " (Gal. ii. 9). John thus belonged in 4647 to the Jewish-Christian school; but we do not know whether to the stricter group of James or to the milder group of Peter (ibid. ii. 11--14).The subsequent history of the apostle is obscure. Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus' (in Euseb., H. E. iii. 31; V. 24), attests in 196 that John " who lay on thebosom of the Lord rests at Ephesus "; but previously in this very sentence he has declared that " Philip one of the twelve apostles rests in Hierapolis" although Eusebius (doubtless rightly) identifies this Philip riot with the apostle but with the deacon-evangelist of Acts xxi. 8. Polycrates also declares that John was a priest wearing the airaXov (gold plate) that distinguished, the high-priestly mitre. Irenaeus in various passages of his works, 181191, holds a similar tradition. He says that John lived tip to the time of Trajan and published his gospel in Ephesus, and identifies' the apostle with John the disciple of the Lord, who wrote the Apocalypse under Domitian
Polycarp
Polycarp
Apocalypse or of the Fourth Gospel, or of both these works, has been disputed.. (See JOAN, GosPEL OF, and REVELATION, BOOK or.) The question has not been strictly one between advanced and conservative criticism, for the Tubingen school recognized the Apocalypse as apostolic, and found in it a confirmation of John's residence in Ephesus. On the other hand, Liitzelberger (184o), Th. Keim (Jesus v. Naz., vol. i., 1$67), J. H. Scholten
Holtzmann
recent
Holtzmann
The opponents of the tradition lay weight on the absence of positive evidence before the latter part of the 2nd century, especially in Papias and in the epistles of Ignatius and of Irenaeus's authority, Polycarp. They find it necessary to assume that Irenaeus. mistook Polycarp; but this is not a difficult task, since already Eusebius (c. 310313) is compelled to point out that Papias testifies to two Johns, the Apostle and a presbyter, and that Irenaeus is mistaken in identifying those two Johns, and in holding that Papias had seen John the Apostle (H.E. iii. 39, 5, 2). Irenaeus tells us, doubtless correctly, that Papias was "the companion of Polycarp ": this fact alone would suffice, given his two mistakes concerning Papias, to make Irenaeus decide that Polycarp had seen John the Apostle. The chronicler George the Monk (Hamartolus) in the 9th century, and an epitome dating from the 7th or 8th century but probably based on the Chronicle of Philip of Side (c. 430), declare, on the authority of the second book of Papias, that John the Zebedean was killed by Jews (presumably in 6o7o). Adolf Harnack, Chien. d, altchr. Litt. (1897), pp. 65668o), rejects the assertion; but the number of scholars who accept it as correct is distinctly on the increase. (F. v. H.) End of Article: JOHN, THE APOSTLE If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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