JOHN FREDERICK (1529-1595)

This article appears in Volume V15, Page 459 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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JOHN FREDERICK (1529-1595) , called der Mittlere, duke of Saxony, was the eldest son of John Frederick, who had been deprived of the Saxon electorate by the emperor Charles V. in 1547. Born at Torgau on the 8th of January 1529, he received a good education, and when his father was imprisoned in 1547
undertook the government of the remnant of electoral Saxony which the emperor allowed the Ernestine branch of the

Wettin

WETTIN

family to keep. Released in 1552 John Frederick the elder died two years later, and his three sons ruled Ernestine Saxony together until 1JJ7, when John Frederick was made sole ruler. This arrangement lasted until 1565, when John Frederick shared his lands with his surviving brother, John William (1530-1573), retaining for himself Gotha and

Weimar

WEIMAR

. The duke was a strong, even a fanatical, Lutheran, but his religious views were gradually subordinated to the one

idea

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

of regaining the electoral dignity then held by

Augustus

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

I. To attain this end he lent a willing ear to the schemes of Wilhelm von

Grumbach

GRUMBACH, WILHELM VON (1503-1567)

, who came to his court about 1557 and offered to regain the electoral dignity and even to acquire the Empire for his patron. In spite of repeated warnings from the emperor Ferdinand I., John Frederick continued to protect

Grumbach

GRUMBACH, WILHELM VON (1503-1567)

, and in 1566 his obstinacy caused him to be placed under the imperial ban. Its execution was entrusted to

Augustus

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

who, aided by the duke's brother, John William, marched against Gotha with a strong force. In consequence of a mutiny the town surrendered in April 1567, and John Frederick was delivered to the emperor

Maximilian

MAXIMILIAN
MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

II. He was imprisoned in Vienna, his lands were given to his brother, and he remained in captivity until his death at Steyer on the 6th of May 1595. These years were mainly occupied with studying theology and in correspondence. John Frederick married firstly Agnes (d. 1555) daughter of Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and widow of Maurice, elector of Saxony, and secondly Elizabeth (d. 1594) daughter of Frederick III., elector palatine of the Rhine, by whom he left two sons, John Casimir (15641633) and John Ernest (1566-1638). Elizabeth shared her husband's imprisonment for twenty-two years.
See A. Beck, Johann

Friedrich

FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

der Mittlere,

Herzog

HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
HERZOG, JOHANN
JAKOB
- JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)
(1805-1882)

zu Sachsen (Vienna, 1858) ; and F. Ortloff, Geschichte der Grumbachischen

Handel

HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685–1759)

(Jena, 1868-187o).

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