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Encyclopedia Britannica



JOAN

This article appears in Volume V15, Page 420 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: JEE-JUN
JOAN , a mythical female
pope
 , who is usually placed between Leo IV. (847855) and Benedict III. (855858). One account has it that she was born in England, another in Germany of
English
  parents. After an education at Cologne, she fell in love with a
Benedictine
 
monk
  and fled with him to Athens disguised as a man. On his death she went to Rome under the alias of Joannes Anglicus (John of England), and entered the priesthood, eventually receiving a
cardinal
 's hat. She was elected
pope
  under the
title
  of John VIII., and died in child-
birth
  during a papal procession.
A French Dominican, Steven of Bourbon (d. c. 1261) gives the legend in his Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. He is believed to have derived it from an earlier writer. More than a hundred authors between the 13th and 17th centuries gave circulation to the myth. Its explosion was first seriously undertaken by
David
  Blonde], a French Calvinist, in his lclaircissement de la question si une femme a ete assise au siege papal de Rome (1647); and De
Joanna
  Papissa (1657). The refutation was completed by Johann Dollinger in his Papstfabeln des Mittelalters (1863; Eng. trans. 1872).


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