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Encyclopedia Britannica



JASPER

This article appears in Volume V15, Page 279 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: INV-JED
JASPER , an opaque compact variety of
quartz
 , variously coloured and often containing argillaceous matter. The colours are usually red, brown, yellow or green, and are due to admixture with compounds of iron, either oxides or silicates. Although the
term
  jasper is now restricted to opaque
quartz
  it is certain that the ancient jaspis or iavais was a stone of considerable translucency. The jasper of antiquity was in many cases distinctly green, for it is often compared with the
emerald
  and other green objects. Jasper is referred to in the Niebelungenlied as being clear and green. Probably the jasper of the ancients included stones which would now be classed as
chalcedony
 , and the
emerald
 -like jasper may have been akin to our
chrysoprase
 . The Hebrew word yashefeh may have designated a green jasper (cf. Assyrian yashpu). Professor Flinders
Petrie
  has suggested that the odem, the first stone on the High Priest's breastplate, translated " sard," was a red jasper, whilst tarshish,
the tenth stone, may have been a yellow jasper (Hastings's Dict. Bible, 1902).
Many varieties of jasper are recognized. Riband jasper is a form in which the colours are disposed in bands, as in the well-known ornamental stone from
Siberia
 , which shows a
regular
  alternation of dark red and green stripes. Egyptian jasper is a brown jasper, occurring as nodules in the Lybian desert and in the Nile valley, and characterized by a zonal arrangement of light and dark shades of colour. Agate-jasper is a variety intermediate between true jasper and
chalcedony
 . Basanite, lydite, or Lydian stone, is a velvet-black flinty jasper, used as a touchstone for testing the purity of
precious
  metals by their streak.
Porcelain
  jasper is a clay indurated by natural calcination. (F. W. R.*)


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