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Encyclopedia Britannica



IRIDACEAE (the iris family)

This article appears in Volume V14, Page 794 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: INV-JED
IRIDACEAE (the iris family) , in botany, a natural order of flowering plants belonging to the
series
  Liliiflorae of the class Monocotyledons, containing about Boo species in S7 genera, and widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The members of this order are generally perennial herbs growing from a corm as in Crocus and Gladiolus, or a rhizome as in Iris; more rarely, as in the Spanish iris, from a bulb. A few
South
 
African
  representatives have a shrubby habit. The
flowers
  are hermaphrodite and
regular
  as in Iris (fig. I) and Crocus (fig. 3), or with a symmetry in the median plane as in Gladiolus. The petaloid perianth consists of two
series
 , each with three members; which are joined below into a longer or shorter tube, followed by one whorl of three stamens; the inferior ovary is three-celled and contains numerous ovules on an axile
placenta
 ; the style is branched and the branches are often petaloid. The fruit (fig. 2) is a capsule opening between the partitions and containing generally a large number of roundish or angular seeds. The arrangement of the parts in the flower resembles that in the nearly allied order Amaryllidaceae (Narcissus, Snowdrop, &c.), but differs in the absence of the inner whorl of stamens.
The most important genera are Crocus (q.v.), with about 70species, Iris (q.v.), with about roo, and Gladiolus (q.v.), with 150. Ixia, Freesia (q.v.) and Tritonia (including Monlbretia),
1. Flower, from which the outer
petals and the stigmas have
been removed, leaving the
inner petals (a) and stamens.
2. Pistil with petaloid stigmas.
all natives of
South
  Africa, are well known in cultivation. Sisyrinchium, blue-eyed grass, is a new-world genus extending
from arctic America to Patagonia and the Falkland Isles. One
3. Fruit cut across showing the three chambers containing seeds.
4. A seed. 1-4 about ; nat. size.
species, S. angustifolium, an arctic and temperate North American species, is also native in
Galway
  and
Kerry
  in Ireland. Other British representatives of the order are: Iris Pseudacorus, (yellow iris), common by river-banks and ditches, I. foetidissima (stinking iris), Gladiolus communis, a rare plant found in the New Forest and the Isle of Wight, and Romulea Columnae, a small plant with narrow recurved leaves a few inches
long
  and a short scape bearing one or more small
regular
  funnel-shaped
flowers
 , which occurs at
Dawlish
  in Devonshire.


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