Helping San Diego, California and beyond since 1997.
Do you need
volunteer, community service, work, military or court hours?
|
|
Helping San Diego, California and beyond since 1997.
|
|
Click here and add this page to your favorites!
|
Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: I27-INV |
|
|
IMPERIAL CITIES OR TOWNS , the usual English translation of Reichsstddte, an expression of frequent occurrence in German history. These were cities and towns subject to no authority except that of the emperor, or German king, in other words they were immediate; the earliest of them stood on the demesne land of their sovereign, and they often grew up around his palaces. A distinction was thus made between a Reichsstadt and a Landstadt, the latter being dependent upon some prince, not upon the emperor direct. The term Freie Reichsstadt, which is sometimes used in the same sense as Reichsstadt, is rightly only applicable to seven cities, Basel, Strassburg, Spires, Worms, Mainz, Cologne and Regensburg. Having freed themselves from the domination of their ecclesiastical lords these called themselves Freistddte and in practice their position was in-distinguishable from that of the Reichsstddte. In the middle ages many other places won the coveted position of a Reichsstadt. Some gained it by gift and others by purchase; some won it by force of arms, others usurped it during times of anarchy, while a number secured it through the extinction of dominant families, like the Hohenstaufen. There were many more free towns in southern than in northern Germany, but their number was continually fluctuating, for their liberties were lost much more quickly than they were gained. Mainz was conquered and subjected to the archbishop in 1462. Some free towns fell into the hands of various princes of the Empire and others placed themselves voluntarily under such protection. Some, like Donauworth in 1607, were deprived of their privileges by the emperor on account of real, or supposed, offences, while others were separated from the Empire by conquest. In 1648 Besancon passed into the possession of Spain, Basel had already thrown in its lot with the Swiss confederation, while Strassburg, Colmar, Hagenau and others were seized by Louis XIV.Meanwhile the free towns had been winning valuable privileges in addition to those which they already possessed, and the wealthier among them, like Lubeck and Augsburg, were practically imperia is imperio, waging war and making peace, and ruling their people without any outside interference. But, they had also learned that union is strength. They formed alliances among themselves, both for offence and for defence, and these Stadlebiinde had an important influence on the course of German history in the 14th and 15th centuries. These leagues were frequently at war with the ecclesiastical and secular potentates of their district and in general they were quite able to hold their own in these quarrels. The right of the free towns to be represented in the imperial diet was formally recognized in 148h, and about the same time they divided themselves into two groups,or benches, the Rhenish and the Swabian. By the peace of Westphalia in 1648 they were formally constituted as the third college of the diet. A list
drawn
drawn
Hall
Schweinfurt
Aalen
By the peace of Luneville in 1801 Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Worms and Spires were taken by France, and by the decision of the imperial deputation of 1803 six cities only: Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen, Augsburg, Frankfort-on-Main and Nuremberg, were allowed to keep their Reichsfreiheit, or in other words to hold directly of the Empire. This number was soon further reduced. On the dissolution of the Empire in 18o6 Augsburg and Nuremburg passed under the sovereignty of Bavaria, and Frankfort was made the seat of a duchy for Karl Theodor von Dalberg, elector and archbishop of Mainz, who was appointed prince primate of the Confederation of the Rhine. When the German Confederation was established in 1815 Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen and Frankfort were recognized as free cities, and the first three hold that position in the modern German empire; but Frankfort, in consequence of the part it took in the war of 1866, lost its independence and was annexed by Prussia. In the earlier years of their existence the free cities were tinder the jurisdiction of an imperial officer, who was called the Reichsvogt or imperial advocate, or sometimes the Reichsschultheiss or imperial procurator. As time went on many of the cities purchased the right of filling these offices with their own nominees; and in several instances the imperial authority fell practically into desuetude except when it was stirred into action by peculiar circumstances. The internal constitution of the free cities was organized after no common model, although several of them had a constitution drawn up in imitation of that of Cologne, which was one of the first to assert its independence. For the history of the free cities, see J. J. Moser, Reichsstddtisches Handbuch (Tubingen, 1732) ; D. Hanlein, Anmerkungen fiber die Geschichte der Reichsstddte (Ulm, 1775) ; A. Wendt, Beschreibung der kaiserlichen freien Reichsstddte ( Leipzig
Arnold
Leipzig
End of Article: IMPERIAL CITIES OR TOWNS If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
<a href="http://jcsm.org/StudyCenter/Encyclopedia/I27_INV/IMPERIAL_CITIES_OR_TOWNS.html"> IMPERIAL CITIES OR TOWNS </a> |
|
|
(Previous) IMPERIAL CHAMBER (Reichskammergericht) |
(Next) IMPERIAL TO |
|
Sponsored Advertisements