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Encyclopedia Britannica



HYDRATE

This article appears in Volume V14, Page 35 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HOR-I25
HYDRATE , in
chemistry
 , a compound containing the elements of water in combination; more specifically, a compound containing the monovalent hydroxyl or OH group. The first and more general
definition
  includes substances containing water of crystallization; such salts are said to be hydrated, and when deprived of their water to be dehydrated or anhydrous. Compounds embraced by the second
definition
  are more usually termed hydroxides, since at one time they were regarded as combinations of an
oxide
  with water, for example,
calcium
 
oxide
  or lime when slaked with water yielded
calcium
  hydroxide, written formerly as CaOH2O. The general formulae of hydroxides are: Mi OH, Mii(OH)2, Mili(OH)3, M1v(OH)4, &c., corresponding to the oxides M21O, M110, M2iiiO3, MivO2, &c., the Roman index denoting the
valency
  of the
element
 . There is an important difference between non-metallic and metallic hydroxides; the former are invariably acids (oxyacids), the latter are more usually basic, although acidic metallic oxides yield acidic hydroxides. Elements exhibiting strong basigenic or oxygenic characters yield the most_
stable
  hydroxides; in other words,
stable
  hydroxides are associated with elements belonging to the extreme groups of the periodic
system
 , and unstable hydroxides with the central members. The most stable basic hydroxides are those of the
alkali
  metals, viz. lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and
caesium
 , and of the alkaline earth metals, viz. calcium, barium and strontium; the most stable acidic hydroxides are those of the elements placed in groups VB, VIB and VIIB of the periodic table.


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