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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HOR-I25 |
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HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9) , American soldier, was born in Leeds, Maine, on the 8th of November 183o. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 185o, and at the U.S. Milirazy Academy in 1854. In 185.7 he served in Florida against the Seminole Indians, and from 1857 to 1861 he was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he resigned to become colonel of the 3rd Maine volunteer regiment, and at the first battle of Bull Run was in command of a brigade. In September he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in the Peninsular Campaign, and at the battle of Seven Pines (Fair. Oaks) he was twice wounded, losing his right arm. On his return to active service in August 1862 he took part in the Virginian campaigns of 186263; at II Antietam he succeeded Sedgwick in command of a division, and he became major-general of volunteers in March 1863. In the campaign of Chancellorsville (see WILDERNESS) he commanded the XL corps; which was routed by "Stonewall" Jackson, and in the first day's battle at Gettysburg he was for some hours (succeeding Doubleday after Reynolds's death) in command of the Union troops. The XI. corps was transferred to Tennessee after Rosecrans's defeat at Chickamauga, and formed part of Hooker's command in the great victory of Chattanooga. When Sherman prepared to invade Georgia in the spring of 1864 the XI. corps was merged with the XII. into the new XX., commanded by Hooker, and Howard was then placed in command of the new IV, corps, which he led in all the actions of the Atlanta campaign, receiving another wound at Pickett's Mills. On the death in action of General M`Pherson, Toward, in July 1864, was selected to cornmand the Army of the Tennessee.. In this position he took part in the " March to the Sea " and the Carolinas campaign. In March 1865 he was breveted major-general U.S'.A. " for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Ezra Church and during the campaign against Atlanta," and in 1893 received a Congressional medal of honour for bravery at Fair Oaks. After the peace he served as commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands from 1865 until 1874; in 1872 he was special
Chief
Howard was deeply interested in the welfare of the negroes; and the establishment by the U.S. Government in 1867 of Howard University, at Washington, especially for their education, was largely due to him; it was named in his honour, and from 1869 to 1873 he presided over it. In 1895 he founded for the education of the " mountain whites " the Lincoln Memorial University at Cumberland Gap, Tenn. (see CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS), and became president of its board. He held honorary degrees of various universities, and was a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He wrote, amongst other works, Donald's Schooldays (1877); Chief
series ; Isabella of Castile (1894); Fighting for Humanity (1898) ; Henry in the War (1898) ; papers in the " Battles and Leaders " collection on the Atlanta campaign; My Life and Experience among our Hostile Indians (r907); and Autobiography of O. O. Howard (2 vols., New York
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