HORSENS

This article appears in Volume V13, Page 727 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HOR-I25

HORSENS , a market town of Denmark, at the head of Horsens Fjord, on the east side of Jutland, 32 M. by rail S.W. of Aarhus, in the amt (county) of that name. Pop. (1901) 22,243. It is the junction of branch railways to Bryrup and to Tarring inland, and to Juelsminde on the coast. The exports are chiefly bacon and butter; the imports, iron, yarn, coal and timber. The town is ancient; there is a disused convent church with tombs of the 17th century, and the Vor-Frelsers-Kirke has a carved pulpit of the same period. Horsens is the birthplace of the
navigator Vitus Bering or Behring (1680), the Arctic explorer. To the north lies the picturesque lake

district

DISTRICT

between Skanderberg and Silkeborg (see AARHUS)
HORSE-POWER. The device, frequently seen in farmyards, by which the power of a horse is utilized to drive threshing or other machinery, is sometimes described as a " horse-power," but this term usually denotes the unit in which the performance of steam and other engines is expressed, and which is defined as the rate at which work is done when 33,000 lb are raised one foot in one minute. This value was adopted by James

Watt

WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

as the result of experiments with strong dray-horses, but, as he was aware, it is in excess of what can be done by an average horse over a full day's work. It is equal to 746 watts. On the metric system it is reckoned as 4500 kilogram-metres a minute, and the French cheval-vapeur is thus equal to 32,549 foot-pounds a minute, or o-9863 of an English horse-power, or 736 watts. The "nominal horse-power" by which engines are sometimes rated is an arbitrary and obsolescent term of indefinite significance. An

ordinary

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

formula

for obtaining it is T- s-D2:/ S for high-pressure engines, and .117D2 y" S for condensing engines, where D is the

diameter

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

of the piston in inches and S the length of the stroke in feet, though varying numbers are used for the divisor. The " indicated horse-power " of a reciprocating

engine

ENGINE
ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

is given by ASPN/ 33,000, where A is the area of the piston in square inches, S the length of the stroke in feet, P the mean pressure on the piston in lb per sq. in., and N the number of effective strokes per minute, namely, one for each revolution of the crank shaft if the

engine

ENGINE
ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

is single-acting, but twice as many if it is

double

-acting. The mean pressure P is ascertained from the diagram or "card " given by an indicator (see STEAM-ENGINE). In turbine engines this method is inapplicable. A statement of indicated horse-power supplies a measure of the force acting in the cylinder of an engine, but the power available for doing external work off the crank-shaft is less than this by the amount absorbed in driving the engine itself. The useful residue, known as the " actual," " effective " or " brake " horse-power, can be directly measured by a dynamometer (q.v.); it amounts to about 8o% of the indicated horse-power for good condensing engines and about 85% for non-condensing engines, or perhaps a little more when the engines are of the largest sizes. When turbines, as often happens in land practice, are directly coupled to electrical generators, their horse-power can be deduced from the electrical output. When they are used for the propulsion of ships recourse is had to " torsion meters " which measure the amount of twist undergone by the propeller shafts while transmitting power. Two points are selected on the surface of the shaft at different positions along it, and the relative displacement which occurs between them round the shaft when power is being transmitted is determined either by electrical means, as in the Denny-Johnson torsion-

meter

METER, ELECTRIC

, or optically, as in the Hopkinson-Thring and Bevis-Gibson instruments. The twist or surface-shear being proportional to the torque, the horse-power can be calculated if the modulus of rigidity of the steel employed is known or if the amount of twist corresponding to a given power has previously been ascertained by direct experiment on the shaft before it has been put in place.
HORSE-RACING. Probably the earliest instance of the use of horses in racing recorded in literature occurs in Il. xxiii. 212-650, where the various incidents of the chariot-race at the funeral games held in honour of Patroclus are detailed with much vividness. According to the ancient authorities the four-horse chariot-race was introduced into the Olympic games as early as the 23rd Olympiad; to this the race with mounted horses was added in the 33rd; while other variations (such as two-horse chariot-races, mule races, loose-horse races,

special

SPECIAL

races for under-aged horses) were admitted at a still later period. Of the training and management of the Olympic race-horse we are left in ignorance; but it is known that the equestrian candidates were required to enter their names and send their horses to Ells at least thirty days before the celebration of the games commenced, and that the charioteers and riders, whether owners or proxies, went through a prescribed course of exercise
during the intervening month. At all the other national games of Greece (Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean), as well as at many of the local festivals (the Athenian Olympia and Panathenaea), similar contests had a prominent place. Some indication of the extent to which the passion for horse-racing was indulged in at Athens, for example, about the time of Aristophanes may be obtained from the scene with which The Clouds opens; while it is a significant fact that the Boeotians termed one of the months of their year, corresponding to the Athenian Hecatombacon, Hippodromius (" Horse-race month "; see Plutarch, Cam. 15). For the chariot-races and horse-races of the Greeks and Romans, see

CIRCUS

CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

and GAMES.

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