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Encyclopedia Britannica



HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

This article appears in Volume V13, Page 693 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HIG-HOR
HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing) , the apparent circle around which the sky and
earth
  seem to meet. At sea this circle is well defined, the
line
  being called the sea
horizon
 , which divides the visible
surface
  of the ocean from the sky. In astronomy the
horizon
  is that
great
  circle of the
sphere
  the
plane
  of which is at right angles to the direction of the plumb
line
 . Sometimes a distinction is made between the rational and the apparent horizon, the former being the horizon as determined by a
plane
  through the centre of the
earth
 , parallel to that through the station of an observer. But on the
celestial
 
sphere
  the
great
  circles of these two planes are coincident, so that this distinction is not necessary (see ASTRONOMY: Spherical). The Dip of the horizon at sea is the angular depression of the apparent sea
Horehound.
horizon, or circle bounding the visible ocean, below the apparent
celestial
  horizon as above defined. It is due to the rotundity of the earth, and the height of the observer's eye above the
water
 . The dip of the horizon and its distance in sea-miles when the height of the observer's eye above the sea-level islt feet, are approximately given by the formulae: Dip =o'.97 ~Ih; Distance = I'" 17 -h. The difference between the coefficients 0.97 and 1.17 arises from the
refraction
  of the ray, but for which they would be equal.


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