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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HIG-HOR |
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HONORIUS , the name of four popes and one antipope (Honorius II.; i.e. 2 below). 1. HONORIUS I:, pope from 625 to 638, was of a noble Roman family, his father Petronius having been consul. He was very active in carrying on the work of Gregory the Great, especially in England; Bede (Hist. Eccl. ii. 17) gives a letter of his to King Edwin of Northumbria, in which he admonishes him diligently to study Gregory's writings; and it was at Edwin's request that Honorius conferred the pallium on the bishops of Canterbury and York
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See the articles by R. Zopffel and G. Kruger in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed. 1900), and by T. Grisar in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg, 1889). In addition to the bibliographies there given see also U. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie, s. " Honorius I. " (Paris, 19o5). (W. A. P.) 2. HONORIUS II. (d. 1072), antipope, was the name taken by Peter Cadalus, who was born at Verona and became bishop of Parma in 1046. After the death of Pope Nicholas II. in July ro6r he was chosen pope by some German and Lombard bishops at Basel in opposition to Alexander II., who had been elected by the party led by Hildebrand, afterwards Pope Gregory VII. Taking the name of Honorius IL, Cadalus was thus the representative of those who were opposed to reforms in the Church. Early in ro62 he advanced towards Rome, and though his supporters defeated the forces of his rival outside the city, he soon returned to Parma to await the decision of the advisers of the young German king, Henry IV., whose mother Agnes had supported his election. About this time, however, Agnes was deprived of her power, and the chief authority in Germany passed to Anno, archbishop of Cologne, who was hostile to Cadalus. Under these circumstances the antipope again marched towards Rome in ro63 and entered the city, but was soon forced to take refuge in the castle of St Angelo. The ensuing war between the rival popes lasted for about a year, and then Cadalus left Rome as a fugitive. Refusing to attend a council held at Mantua in May 1064, he was deposed, and he died in 1072, without having abandoned his claim to the papal chair. See the article on Honorius II. in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, Band viii. ( Leipzig
3. HONORIUS II. (Lamberto Scannabecchi), pope from the 15th of December 1124 to the 13th of February 1130, a native of Fagnano near Imola, of considerable learning and great religious zeal, successively archdeacon at Bologna, cardinal-priest of Sta Prassede under Urban II., cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri under Paschal II., shared the exile of Gelasius II.in France, and helped Calixtus II. to conclude the Concordat of Worms (1122), which settled the investiture
Bernard
The chief sources for the life of Honorius II. are his " Epistolae et Privilegia," in J. P. Migne, Patrol. Lat. vol. 166, and the Vitae of Cardinals Pandulf and Boso in J. M. Watterich, Pontif. Roman. vitae, vol. 2 ( Leipzig
See J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III. (Bonn, 1893); F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896) ; H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 4 (London, 1899); Fr. Liverani, " Lamberto da Fiagnano " in Opere, vol. 3 (Macerata, 1859) ; A. Wagner, Die unteritalischen Normannen and das Papsttum Io86-1150 (Breslau, 1885) ; E. Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats (Gottingen, 1878) ; Volkmar, " Das Verhaltnis Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. 26. (C. H. HA.) 4. HoxoRrus III. (Cencio Savelli), pope from the 18th of July 1216 to the 18th of March 1227, a highly-educated and pious Roman, successively canon of Sta Maria Maggiore, cardinal-deacon of Sta Lucia in Silice, vice-chancellor, chamberlain and cardinal-priest of Sti Giovanni e Paolo, was the successor of Innocent III. He made peace with Frederick II., in accordance with which the emperor was crowned with his wife Constance in St Peter's on the 22nd of November 1220, and swore to accord full liberty to the church and to undertake a crusade. Honorius was eager to carry out the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215 against the Albigenses and to further the crusade proclaimed by his predecessor. He crowned Peter of Courtenay emperor of Byzantium in April 1217; espoused the cause of the young Henry III. of England against the barons; accepted the Isle of Man as a perpetual fief; arbitrated differences between Philip II. of France and James of Aragon; and made special ecclesiastical regulations for the Scandinavian countries. He sanctioned the Dominican order (22nd of November 1216), making St Dominic papal major-domo in 1218; approved the Franciscan order by bull of the 29th of November 1223; and authorized many of the tertiary orders. He maintained, on the whole, a tranquil rule at Rome; but Frederick II.'s refusal to interrupt his reforms in Sicily in order to go on the crusade gave the pope much trouble. Honorius died in 1227, before the emperor had fulfilled his oath, and was succeeded by Gregory IX. Honorius III. left many writings which have been collected and published by Abbe Horoy in the Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica, vols. i.-ii. (Paris, 18991883). Among them are five books of decretals, compiled about 1226; a continuation of the Liber Pontificalis; a life of Gregory VII.; a coronation form; and a large number of sermons. His most important work is the Liber censuum Romance ecclesiae, written in 1192 and containing a record of the income of the Roman Church and of its -relations with secular authorities. The last named is admirably edited by P. Fabre in Bibliotheque des ecoles frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1892). The letters of Honorius are in F. Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum (1863). There are good Regesta in Latin and Italian, edited by P. Pressutti (Rome, 1888, &c.). See J. Clausen, Papst Honorius III. (1895) ; P. T. Masetti, I Pontefici Onorio III. ed Innocenzo IV. a fronte dell' Imperatore Federico II. nel secolo XIII. (1884); F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 19001902); K. J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. 5, 2nd ed.; H. H. Milman, Latin Christianity, vol. 5 (London, 1899) ; T. Frantz, Der grosse Kampf zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum zur Zeit des Hohenstaufen Friedrich II. (Berlin, 1903); W. Norden, Das Papsttum u. Byzanz (Berlin, 19,13); M. Tangl, Die paps/lichen Kanzleiordungen von 12001500 ( Innsbruck
5. Hovoxrus IV. (Jacopo Savelli), pope from the 2nd of April 1285 to the 3rd of April 1287, a member of a prominent Roman family and grand-nephew of Honorius III., had studied at the university of Paris, been made cardinal-deacon of Sta Maria in Cosmedin, and succeeded Martin IV. Though aged and so crippled that he could not stand alone he displayed remarkable energy as pope. He maintained peace in the states of the Church and friendly relations with Rudolph of Habsburg, and his policy in the Sicilian question was more liberal than that of his predecessor. He showed special favours to the mendicant orders and formally sanctioned the Carmelites and Augustinian Eremites. He was the first pope to employ the great banking houses in northern Italy for the collection of papal dues. He died at Rome and was succeeded by Nicholas IV. See M. Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaines et de la France, new ed., vols. 20-22 (Paris, 1894), for the chief sources; A. Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. vol. 2 (Berlin, 18?5); M. Prou, " Les registres d'Honorius IV. " in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athbnes et de Rome (Paris, 1888) ; B. Pawlicki, Papst Honorius IV. (Munster, 1896) ; F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 19001902). (C. H. HA.) End of Article: HONORIUS If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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