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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HIG-HOR |
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HOCKEY (possibly derived from the " hooked " stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. hoquet, shepherd's crook) , a game played with a ball or some similar object by two opposing sides, using hooked or bent sticks, with which each side attempts to drive it into the other's goal. In one or more of its variations Hockey was known to most northern peoples in both Europe and Asia, and the Romans possessed a game of similar nature. It was played indiscriminately on the frozen ground or the ice in winter. In Scotland it was called " shinty," and in Ireland " hurley," and was usually played on the hard, sandy sea-shore Ice Hockey (or Bandy, to give it its original
In England Bandy is controlled by the " National Bandy Association." A team consists of eleven players, wearing skates, and the proper space for play is 200 yds. by too yds. in extent. The ball is of solid india-rubber, between 21 and 21 in. in diameter. The bandies are 2 in. in diameter and about 4 ft. long. The goals, placed in the centre of each goal-line, consist of two upright posts 7 ft. high and 12 ft. apart, connected by a lath. A match is begun by the referee throwing up the ball in the centre of the field, after which it must not be touched other than with the bandy until a goal is scored or the ball passes the boundaries of the course, in which case it is hit into the field in any direction excepting forward from the point where it went out by the player who touched it last. If the ball is hit across the goal-line but not into a goal, it is hit out by one of the defenders from the point where it went over, the opponents not being allowed to approach nearer than 25 yds. from the goal-line while the hit is made. In America the development of the modern game is due to the Victoria Hockey Club and McGill University (Montreal). About 1881 the secretary of the former club made the first efforts towards drawing up a recognized code of laws, and for some time afterwards playing rules were agreed upon from time to time whenever an important match was played, the chief
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with numerous players on each side. The rules were simple and the play very rough. Modern Hockey, properly so called, is played during the cold season on the hard turf, and owes its recent
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Cambridge ) were inaugurated, and have since been played annually. County matches are also now regularly played in England, twenty-six counties competing in 1907. Of other hockey clubs playing regular matches in 1907, there were eighty-one in the London district, and fifty-nine in the provinces.The game is played by teams of eleven players on a ground too yds. long and 50 to 6o yds. wide. The goals are in the centre of each ( end-line, and consist of two uprights 7 ft. high a, surmounted by a hori- ~~ s ; zontal bar, enclosing a J space 12 ft. wide. In t$ . a front of each goal is ,5 riggcle n; aece ing cir curve dlineitsgreatest , diameter from the goal- line y line being 15 ft., called the striking-circle. The positions of the players 20 on each side may be seen on the accompany- ,ti ing diagram. Two umpires, one on each ' 0 0. 0 ': 0 o side of the centre-line, Centre line officiate. D i a 0 0 0 0 The ball is an ordinary LW;'', LI CF RI '3'RW cricket-ball painted white. The stick has a 0 to hard-wood curved head, OH 0' and a handle of cork LH RH; or wrapped cane. It must not exceed 2 in. n in diameter nor 28 oz. ;O ~ in weight. At the start S,clping Clre~e y of the game, which a at consists of two thirty n h r or thirty-five minute 'm ds , o, r 1: oar G periods, the two centre- p; 9 , ~j forwards " bully off " T I the ball in the middle 4 uda, of the field. In " bully- Diagram of Hockey Field. ing off " each centre must strike the ground G, Goal. RW, Right Wing. on his own side of the RB, Right Back. RI, Inside Right. ball three times with LB, Left Back. CF, Centre Forward. his stick and strike his RH, Right Half. LI, Inside Left. opponent's stick three CH, Centre Half. LW, Left Wing. times alternately; after I.H, Left Half. which either may strike the ball. Each side then endeavours, by means of striking, passing and dribbling, to drive the ball into its opponents' goal. A player is " off side " if he is nearer the enemy's goal than one of his own side who strikesi the hall
Hockey Stick. some of the larger cities of the United States, the new game was taken up by American schools, colleges and athletic clubs, and became nearly as popular in the northern states as in the Dominion. The rules differ widely from those of English Bandy. The rink must be at least 112 ft. long by 58 ft. wide, and seven players form a side. The goals are 6 ft. wide and 4 ft. high and are provided with goal-nets. Instead of the English painted cricket-ball a puck is used, made of vulcanized rubber in the form of a draught-stone, i in. thick, and 3 in. in diameter. The sticks are made of one piece of hard wood, and may not be more than 3 in. wide at any part. The game is played for two half-hour or twenty-minute periods with an inter-mission of ten minutes. At the beginning of a match, and also when a goal has been made, the puck is faced, i.e. it is placed in the middle of the rink between the sticks of the two left-centres, and the referee calls " play." Whichever side then secures the ball endeavours by means of passing and dribbling to get the puck into a position from which a goal may be shot. Tjie puck may be stopped by any part of the person but not carried or knocked except with the stick. No stick may be raised above the shoulder except when actually striking the puck. When the puck is driven off the rink or behind the goal, or a foul has been made behind the goal, it is faced 5 yds. inside the rink. The goal-keeper must maintain a standing
There are a number of Hockey organizations in America, all under the jurisdiction of the " American Amateur Hockey League " in the United States and the " Canadian Amateur Athletic League " in Canada. Ice Polo, a winter sport similar to Ice Hockey, is almost exclusively played in the New England states. A rubber-covered ball is used and the stick is heavier than that used in Ice Hockey. The radical difference between the two games is that, in Ice Polo, there is no strict off-side rule, so that passes and shots at goal may come from any and often the most unexpected direction. Five men constitute a team: a goal-tend, a half-back, a centre and two rushers. The rushers must be rapid skaters, adepts in dribbling and passing and good goal shots. The centre supports the rushers, passing the ball to them or trying for goal himself. The half-back is the first defence and the goal-tend the last. The rink is 150 ft. long. Ring Hockey may be played on the floor of any gymnasium or large room by teams of six, comprising a goal-keeper, a quarter, three efef reOt'icgt iii: 0 IV forwards and a centre. The goals consist of two uprights 3 ft. high and 4 ft. apart. The ring, which takes the place of the ball or puck, is made of flexible rubber, and is 5 in. in diameter with a 3-in. opening through the centre. It weighs between 12 and 16 oz. The stick is a wand of light but tough wood, between 36 and 4o in. long, about in. in diameter, provided with a 5-in. guard 20 in. from the lower end. The method of shooting
Roller Polo, played extensively during the winter months in the United States, is practically Ice Polo adapted to the floors of gymnasiums and halls, the players, five on a side, wearing roller-skates. The first professional league was organized in 1883. HOCK-TIDE, an ancient general holiday in England, celebrated on the second Monday and Tuesday after Easter Sunday. Hock-Tuesday was an important term day, rents being then payable, for with Michaelmas it divided the rural year into its winter and summer halves. The derivation of the word is disputed: any analogy with Ger. hock, " high," being generally denied. No trace of the word is found in Old English, and " hock-day," its earliest use in composition, appears first in the 12th century. The characteristic pastime of hock-tide was called binding. On Monday the women, on Tuesday the men, stopped all passers of the opposite sex and bound them with ropes till they bought their release with a small payment, or a rope was stretched across the highroads, and the passers were obliged to pay toll. The money thus collected seems to havegone towards parish expenses. Many entries are found in parish registers under " Hocktyde money." The hocktide celebration became obsolete in the beginning of the 18th century. At Coventry there was a play called " The Old Coventry Play of Hock Tuesday." This, suppressed at the Reformation owing to the incidental disorder, and revived as part of the festivities on Queen Elizabeth's visit to Kenilworth in July 1575, depicted the struggle between Saxons and Danes, and has given colour to the suggestion that hock-tide was originally a commemoration of the massacre of the Danes on St Brice's Day, the 13th of November A.D. 1002, or of the rejoicings at the death of Hardicanute on the 8th of June 1042 and the expulsion of the Danes. But the dates of these anniversaries do not bear this out.End of Article: HOCKEY (possibly derived from the " hooked " stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. hoquet, shepherd's crook) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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