HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

This article appears in Volume V13, Page 409 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HEG-HIG

HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870) , Austrian soldier, entered the army in 18o5 and was soon employed as a staff officer on survey

work

WORK

. He distinguished himself as a subaltern at Aspern and Wagram, and in 1813, as a captain, again served on the staff. In 1815 he was with Schwarzenberg. He had in the

interval

INTERVAL

between the two wars been employed as a military

commissioner

COMMISSIONER

in Piedmont, and at the peace resumed this post, gaining knowledge which later proved invaluable to the Austrian army. In 1831, when

Radetzky

RADETZKY, JOSEF,
COUNT
- COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)
OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

became

commander

COMMANDER

-in-

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

in Austrian Italy, he took Hess as his

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

-of-staff, and thus began the connexion between two famous soldiers which, like that of Blucher and Gneisenau, is a classical example of harmonious co-operation of

commander

COMMANDER

and chief-of-staff. Hess put into shape

Radetzky

RADETZKY, JOSEF,
COUNT
- COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)
OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

's military ideas, inthe form of new

drill

DRILL

for each arm, and, under their guidance, the Austrian army in North Italy, always on a war footing, became the best in Europe. From 1834 to 1848 Hess was employed in Moravia, at Vienna, &c., but, on the outbreak of revolution and war in the latter year, was at once sent out to Radetzky as chief-of-staff. In the two campaigns against King Charles Albert which followed, culminating in the victory of

Novara

NOVARA

, Hess's assistance to his chief was made still more valuable by his knowledge of the enemy, and the old field-

marshal

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

acknowledged his services in general orders. Lieut.-Fieldmarshal Hess was at once promoted Feldzeugmeister, made a member of the emperor's council, and Freiherr, assuming at the same time the duties of the quartermaster-general. Next year he became chief of the staff to the emperor. He was often employed in missions to various capitals, and he appearedin the field in 1854 at the head of the Austrian army which intervened so effectually in the Crimean war. In 1859 he was sent to Italy after the early defeats. He became field-

marshal

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

in 186o, and a year later, on resigning his position as chief-of-staff, he was made captain of the Trabant guard. He died in Vienna in 187o.
See " General Hess " in Lebensgeschichtlichen Hinrissen (Vienna, 1855).

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