HENBANE (Fr. jusquiaume, from the Gr. uoo'icuaos, or hog's-bean; Ital. giusquiamo; Ger. Scliwarzes Bilsenkraut, Hiihnertod, Saubohue and Zigeuner-Korn or " gipsies' corn ")

This article appears in Volume V13, Page 266 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HEG-HIG

HENBANE (Fr. jusquiaume, from the Gr. uoo'icuaos, or hog's-bean; Ital. giusquiamo; Ger. Scliwarzes Bilsenkraut, Hiihnertod, Saubohue and Zigeuner-Korn or " gipsies' corn ") , the common name of the plant Hyoscyamus niger, a member of the natural order Solanaceae, indigenous to Britain, found-wild in waste places, on rubbish about villages and old castles, and cultivated for medicinal use in various counties in the

south

SOUTH
SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

and

east

EAST
EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

of England. It occurs also in central and southern Europe and in western

Asia

ASIA

extending to India and Siberia, and has long been naturalized in the United States. There are two forms of the plant, an annual and a biennial, which

spring

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

indifferently from the same crop of seedthe one growing on during summer to a height of from r to 2 ft., and flowering and perfecting seed; the other producing the first season only a tuft of radical leaves, which disappear in winter, leaving under-
ground a thick fleshy root, from the crown of which arises in

spring

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

a branched flowering stem, usually much taller and more tiigorous than the flowering stems of the annual plants. The biennial form is that which is considered officinal. The radical leaves of this biennial plant spread out flat on all sides from the crown of the root; they are ovate-oblong, acute, stalked, and more or less incisely-toothed, of a greyish-green colour, and covered with viscid hairs; these leaves perish at the approach of winter. The flowering stem pushes up from the root-crown in spring, ultimately reaching from 3 to 4 ft. in height, and as it grows becoming branched, and furnished with alternate sessile leaves, which are stem-clasping, oblong, unequally-lobed, clothed with glandular clammy hairs, and of a dull grey-green, the whole plant having a powerful nauseous odour. The

flowers

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

are shortly-stalked, the lower ones growing in the

fork

FORK (Lat. furca)

of the branches, the upper ones sessile in one-sided leafy spikes which are rolled back at the top before flowering, the leaves becoming smaller upwards and taking the place of bracts. The

flowers

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

have an urn-shaped calyx which persists around the fruit and is strongly veined, with five stiff, broad, almost prickly lobes; these, when the soft matter is removed by maceration, form very elegant specimens when associated with leaves prepared in a similar way. The corollas are obliquely funnel-shaped, of a dirty yellow or buff, marked with a close reticulation of purple veins. The capsule opens transversely by a convex lid and contains numerous seeds. Both the leaves and the seeds are employed in pharmacy. The Mahommedan doctors of India are accustomed to prescribe the seeds. Henbane yields a poisonous alkaloid, hyoscyamine, which is stated to have properties almost identical with those of atropine, from which it differs in being more soluble in water. It is usually obtained in an amorphous, scarcely ever in a crystalline state. Its properties have been investigated in Germany by T. Husemann, Schroff, Hahn, &c. Hohn finds its chemical composition expressed by C18H2sN,Oa. (Compare Hellmann, Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der physiolog. il'irkung des Hyoscyamins, &c., Jena, 1874.) In small and repeated doses henbane has been found to have a tranquillizing effect upon persons affected by severe nervous irritability. In poisonous doses it causes loss of speech, distortion and paralysis. In the form of extract or tincture it is a valuable remedy in the hands of a medical man, either as an anodyne, a hypnotic or a sedative. The extract of henbane is rich 'in nitrate of potassium and other inorganic salts. The smoking of the seeds and capsules of henbane is noted in books as a somewhat dangerous remedy adopted by country people for toothache. Accidental poisoning from henbane occasionally occurs, owing sometimes to the apparent edibility and wholesomeness of the root.
See

Bentley

BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742)
BENTLEY, RICHARD (1794-1871)

and Trumen, Medicinal Plants, 194 (188o). HENCHMAN, originally, probably, one who attended on a horse, a groom, and hence, like groom (q.v.), a title of a sub-ordinate official in royal or noble households. The first part of the word is the O. Eng. hengest, a horse, a word which occurs in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. and Dutch hengst. The word appears in the name, Hengest, of the Saxon chieftain (see HENGEST AND HORSA) and still survives in English in place and other names beginning with Hingst- or Hinx-. Henchmen, pages of honour or squires, rode or walked at the side of their master in processions and the like, and appear in the English royal household from the 14th century till Elizabeth abolished the royal henchmen, known also as the " children of honour." The word was obsolete in English from the middle of the 17th century, and seems to have been revived through Sir Walter Scott, who took the word and its derivation, according to the New English Dictionary, from

Edward

EDWARD

Burt's Letters from a

Gentleman

GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its
original
- ORIGINAL
and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

in the North of Scotlarnd, together with its erroneous derivation from " haunch." The word is, in this sense, used as synonymous with " gillie," the faithful personal follower of a Highland chieftain, the man who stands at his master's haunch," ready for any emergency. It is this sense that usually survives in modern usage of the word, where it is often used of an out-and-out adherent or partisan, ready to do anything.

End of Article: HENBANE (Fr. jusquiaume, from the Gr. uoo'icuaos, or hog's-bean; Ital. giusquiamo; Ger. Scliwarzes Bilsenkraut, Hiihnertod, Saubohue and Zigeuner-Korn or " gipsies' corn ")

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