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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: HAN-HEG |
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HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES Heavy types of motor-cars are now widely employed for commercial purposes. The earliest British-built type was the steam-propelled wagon, and its evolution was largely encouraged and hastened by important competitive trials, at Liverpool, in the years 1898, 1899 and 1901, which were conducted by the Self-Propelled Traffic Association. Other series of trials were held by the Royal Agricultural Society of England and the Royal Automobile Club.From the end of 1896 to early in 1905 no commercial motor vehicle was legal in England if its unladen weight exceeded 3 tons, and this limitation caused much financial loss to purchasers who overloaded them. The Heavy Motor Car Order of 1904, which came into force on the 1st of March 1905, increased the maximum unladen weight to 5 tons, whilst limiting the gross weight to 12 tons; by the same order, the combined unladen weight of a motor wagon and the single trailer which it is allowed to draw was fixed at 61 tons. In effect, the gross weight of a trailer and its load may not exceed 8 tons, thus yielding a total gross weight, for loaded wagon and loaded trailer, of 20 tons. Excesses in any particular cause a commercial motor to be treated as a " heavy locomotive," or traction engine
movement
Miniature traction engines, constructed to comply with the requirements of the Motor Car Acts and Orders, have progressed since 1905; they are chiefly used where it is a convenience to separate the power and carrying units, as by furniture-removal and other contractors. The working cost of a steam wagon with a 5-ton load, in Great Britain, inclusive of provision for interest
capital , depreciation and maintenance, varies from 71d. to 9d. per mileParticulars. Net loads carried : Costs in pence per vehicle-mile. (Petrol at Tod. per gall.) to cwt. I ton 2 tons 3 tons 5 tons Average weekly mileage . . 400 400 390 350 300 Driver's wages . . 0.84 0.84 too 1.09 1 60 Fuel (petroleum spirit) 0.55 0.77 0.95 1.25 1.67 Oils and grease 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.24 Rubber tires 0.50 0.75 1.15 I.50 2.60 Repairs (material and wages) 0.55 0.85 1.03 1.17 1.55 Rent, rates and lighting o 12 0.15 0.25 0.40 0.50 Insurance and claims . 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.42 0.65 Depreciation 0.65 0.90 1.06 1.36 I.6o Interest
capital . 0.15 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.64Totals 3.6o 4.87 6.26 7.82 II.05 has a virtual monopoly of use in England; above that, it shares the trade with steam. A tabular statement of current working costs of approved petrol vehicles is published herewith. Before proceeding to describe and illustrate representative types of vehicles, tractors and special
drawn
diameter of each wheel. When a i . gistration certificate is issued it bears these data, in additi' n to a statement of the width and the material of the tyre on each wheel, and the highest rate of speed at which the heavy motor-car may be driven. The owner, after registration, must cause to be painted, or otherwise plainly marked, upon some conspicuous part of the offside of the heavy motor-car, the registered weight unladen, and the registered axle weight of each axle, whilst, upon the near side of the heavy motor-car, he must similarly cause to be painted the highest rate of speed at which it may travel. Width of tires, which in no case may be less than 5 in., varies in relation to imposed load and wheel diameter , and a table of these is issued by the Iocal government board. It is specified that " the width shall not be less than that922 number of half-inches which is equal to the number of units of registered axle weight of the axle to which the wheel is attached." Taking a wheel 3 ft. in diameter as a basis, the unit of registered axle weight is 71 cwt.: this unit increases in the proportion of 1 cwt. per 12 in. increase of diameter, and decreases at the rate of 1 cwt. for every 6 in. reduction in diameter below 3 ft. The speeds at which heavy motor-cars may travel vary from 5 M. an hour to 12 M. an hour. Heavy motor-cars fitted with tires of a soft or elastic material may travel at higher rates of speed than if they were not so fitted. Any motor-car used for trade purposes, but whose unladen weight does not exceed 2 tons, is allowed to travel as fast as 20 M. an hour, and is regarded as an ordinary motor-car.Motor-buses.The first double-deck motor-bus, of the type of which upwards of r000 are in regular service in London, was licensed by the police authorities in September of 1904. The type of chassis employed is practically identical with those used for loads of 3 tons in the goods-haulage branches of the industry, and the accompanying chart, which is prepared from Number of London Motorbuses "'in Commission: data exclusively collected by the Commercial Motor (London), indicates the growth in the totals since the inception of this departure in the public conveyance of passengers. The growth of motor-bus traffic has resulted in the displacement of some 25,000 horses and 2200 horse omnibuses, during the five years ending the 3oth of June 1910, and it is estimated that there will be practically no horse omnibuses in London, except upon a few suburban routes, by the end of 1911. The inclusive working cost of a London motor-bus, with good management, varies [HEAVY between 9d. and rod. per mile, which figures cover interest, depreciation and administration. Successful provincial motor-bus undertakings, in the United Kingdom, are numerous, and those at Eastbourne, Keighley and Hull may be particularly mentioned of municipal under-takings, whilst the Great Western Railway Company alone has 130 such vehicles at work. Motor-cabs.Spasmodic efforts to introduce motor-cabs in London were made during the years 1905 and 1906. It was, however, only in the month of March 1907 that the General Motor-cab Company put the first ioo vehicles of its present large fleet into regular service. The growth of motor-cabs is indicated by the following numbers, for which the author is indebted to the Commercial Motor (London), and these are of vehicles licensed at the dates given: December 31, 1905, 19; December 31, 1906, 96; December 31, 1907, 723; December 31, 1908, 2805; April 30, 1909, 3203; April 30, 1910, 4941. It is estimated that, at the 3oth of June 1910, there are only I200 horse- drawn
hansom
hansom
Steam Vehicles.Steam wagons may, generally speaking, now be divided into three distinct types, and these are distinguished chiefly by the particular form of final drive adopted by the designer. There are in general use by the well-known /1111111i111111NIM11111111111IM IOU 1111111111111/l11!l:lN111111l911111111n If 111111 I1111111a111u151111'Hn111.111Liif1, In111I M11117111111111111nn110iin'1111I11i n/,i1-,1111l~ann numwnnnunnne~~ 1111/ImInIIIIII111111111lIIIh EIuII IIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIII11111n111n1 nI 111111111111 IIIIIU Vi11111nn11IUIIn111n1111111111HI1~ IP'1 Illuiiii Yiu 11111% IOIIW IIlIIIIII eiiiliiiiiiiiiiiii1111~q ~ III~ IIIIII1111 IIIIII 111111111111111 II55 I1 nlnlnnm11U1i11n11 m1uminlnnalnill 11111 Inllllll'4II U 111111n11111i i 1111Y IIIIIIIIIUIUIIIIMI 1111111111111111 110111 IIIIIIIIPJIIIII Ipll :Inl:nn1U1 11 1 :i11U11 InIHIHIII 1905 1908 1907 1908 1909 1910 End of Article: HEAVY COMMERCIAL If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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