HAMAR, or STOREHAMMER (GREAT HAMAR)

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 871 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GUI-HAN

HAMAR, or STOREHAMMER (GREAT HAMAR) , a town of Norway
in Hedemarken amt (county), 78 m. by rail N. of Christiania. Pop. (190o), 6003. It is pleasantly situated between two bays of the great Lake Mjosen, and is the junction cf the railways to Trondhjem (N.) and to Otta in Gudbrandsdal (N.W.). The existing town was laid out in 1849, and made a.bishop's see in 1864. Near the same site there stood an older town, which, together with a bishop's see, was founded in 1152 by the English-man Nicholas Breakspeare (afterwards Pope Adrian IV.); but both town and cathedral were destroyed by the Swedes in 1567. Remains of the latter include a nave-arcade with rounded arches. The town is a centre for the local agricultural and timber trade.
IiAMASA (ITAMASAH), the name of a famous Arabian

anthology

ANTHOLOGY

compiled by Habib ibn Aus at-Ta'i, surnamed Abu Tammam (see Anu TAMMAM). The collection is so called from the title of . its first book, containing poems descriptive of constancy and valour in battle, patient endurance of calamity, steadfastness in seeking vengeance, manfulness under reproach and temptation, all which qualities make up the attribute called by the Arabs hamasah (briefly paraphrased by at-Tibrizi as ash-shiddah fi-l-amr). It consists of ten books or parts, containing in all 884 poems or fragments of poems, and named respectively(I) al-Hamasa, 261 pieces; (2) al-Maratha, " Dirges," 169 pieces; (3) al-Adab, " Manners," 54 pieces; (4) an-Nasib, " The Beauty and Love of Women," 139 pieces; (5) al-Hija, " Satires," 8o pieces; (6) al-Adydf wa-l-Madih, " Hospitality and Panegyric," 143 pieces; ('7) at-Sift it, " Miscellaneous Descriptions," 3 pieces; (8) as-Sair wa-n-Nu'as, " Journeying and Drowsiness," 9 pieces; (9) al-Mulah, " Pleasantries," 38 pieces; and (1o) Madhammat-an-nisa, "Dispraise of Women," 18 pieces. Of these books the first is by far the longest, both in the number and extent of its poems, and the first two together make up more than half the bulk of the work. The poems are for the most part fragments selected from longer compositions, though a considerable number are probably entire. They are taken from the works of Arab poets of all periods down to that of Abu Tammam himself (the latest ascertainable date being A.D. 832), but chiefly of the poets of the Ante-Islamic time (Jahiliyyun), those of the early days of Al-Islam (Mukhadrimun), and those who flourished during the reigns of the Omayyad caliphs, A.D. 66o749 (Islamiyyun). Perhaps the oldest in the collection are those relating to the war of Basus, a famous legendary strife which arose out of the murder of Kulaib,

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

of the combined clans of Bakr and Taghlib, and lasted for forty years, ending with the peace of Dhu-l-Majaz, about A.D. 534. Of the period of the Abbasid caliphs, under whom Abu Tammam himself lived, there are probably not more than sixteen fragments.
Most of the poems belong to the class of extempore or occasional utterances, as distinguished from gasidas, or elaborately finished odes. While the latter abound with comparisons and long descriptions, in which the skill of the poet is exhibited with much art and ingenuity, the poems of the Hamasa are short, direct and for the most part free from comparisons; the transitions are easy, the metaphors simple, and the purpose of the poem clearly indicated. It is due probably to the fact that this style of composition was chiefly sought by Abu Tammam in compiling his collection that he has chosen hardly anything from the works of the most famous poets of antiquity. Not a single piece from Imra 'al-Qais (Amru-ul-Qais) occurs in the amasa, nor are there any from 'Alqama, Zuhair or A'sha; Nabigha is represented only by two pieces (pp. 408 and 742 of Freytag's edition) of four and three verses respectively; 'Antara by two pieces of four verses each (id. pp. 206, 209); Tarafa by one piece of five verses (id. p. 632); Labid by one piece of three verses (id. p. 468) ; and 'Amr ibn Kulthum by one piece of four verses (id. p. 236). The compilation is thus essentially an

anthology

ANTHOLOGY

of minor poets, and exhibits (so far at least as the more ancient poems are concerned) the general average of poetic utterance at a time when to speak in verse was the daily habit of every warrior of the desert.
To this description, however, there is an important exception in the book entitled an-Nasib, containing verses relating to women and love. In the classical age of Arab poetry it was the established rule that all gasidas, or finished odes, whatever their purpose, must begin with the mention of women and their charms (tashbib), in order, as the old critics said, that the hearts of the hearers might be softened and inclined to regard kindly the theme which the poet proposed to unfold. The fragments included in this part of the work are therefore generally taken from the opening verses of gasidas; where this is not the case, they are chiefly compositions of the early Islamic period, when the school of exclusively erotic poetry (of which the greatest representative was 'Omar ibn Abi Rabi'a) arose.
The compiler was himself a distinguished poet in the style of his day, and wandered through many provinces of the Moslem empire earning money and fame by his skill in panegyric. About 220 A.H. he betook himself to Khorasan, then ruled by 'Abdallah ibn Tahir, whom he praised and by whom he was rewarded; on his journey home to 'Irak he passed through Hamadhan, and was there detained for many months a guest of Abu-l-Wafa, son of Salama, the road onward being blocked by heavy falls of snow. During his residence at Hamadhan, Abu Tammam is said to have compiled or composed, from the materials which he found in Abu-1-Wafa's library, five poetical works, of which one was the Hamasa. This collection remained as a precious heirloom in the family of Abu-l-Wafa until their fortunes decayed, when it fell into the hands of a man of Dinawar named Abu-1-'Awadhil, who carried it to Isfahan and made it known to the learned of that city.
The worth of the Hamasa as a

store

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

house

of ancient legend, of faithful detail regarding the usages of the

pagan

PAGAN
PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district,
village
- VILLAGE
, commune)

time and early simplicity of the Arab race, can hardly be exaggerated. The high level of excellence which is found in its selections, both as to form and matter, is remarkable, and caused it to be said that Abu Tammam displayed higher qualities as a poet in his choice of extracts from the ancients than in his own compositions. What strikes us chiefly in the class of poetry of which the Hamasa is a specimen, is its exceeding truth and reality, its freedom from artificiality and hearsay, the evident first-hand experience which the singers possessed of all of which they sang. For historical purposes the value of the collection is not small; but most of all there shines forth from it a complete portraiture of the

hardy

and manful nature, the strenuous life of passion and battle, the lofty contempt of cowardice, niggardliness and servility, which marked the valiant stock who bore Islam abroad in a flood of new life over the outworn civilizations of Persia, Egypt and Byzantium. It has the true stamp of the heroic time, of its cruelty and wantonness as of its strength and beauty.
No fewer than twenty commentaries are enumerated by Hajji Khalifa. Of these the earliest was by Abu Riyash (otherwise ar-Riyashi), who died in 257 A.H.; excerpts from it, chiefly in elucidation of the circumstances in which the poems were composed, are frequently given by at-Tibrizi (Tabrizi). He was followed by the famous grammarian Abu-l-Fatb ibn al-Jinni (d. 392 A.H.), and later by Shihab ad-Din Abmad al-Marzugi of Isfahan (d. 421 A.H.). Upon al-Marzugi's commentary is chiefly founded that of Abu Zakariya Yabya at-Tibrizi (b. 421 A.H., d. 502), which has been published by the late Professor G. W. Freytag of Bonn, together with a Latin translation and notes (18281851). This monumental work, the labour of a life, is a treasure of information regarding the classical age of Arab literature which has not perhaps its equal for extent, accuracy, and minuteness of detail in Europe. No other complete edition of the ,Hamasa has been printed in the West; but in 1856 one appeared at Calcutta under the names of Maulavi Ghulam Rabbani and Kabiru-d-din Abmad. Though no acknowledgment of the fact is contained in this edition, it is a simple reprint of Professor Freytag's text (without at-Tibrizi's commentary), and follows its

original

ORIGINAL

even in the misprints (corrected by Freytag at the end of the second volume, which being in Latin the Calcutta editors do not seem to have consulted). It contains in an appendix of 12 pages a collection of verses (and some entire fragments) not found in at-Tibrizi's recension, but stated to exist in some copies consulted by the, editors; these are, however, very carelessly edited and printed, and in many places unintelligible. Freytag's text, with at-Tibrizi's commentary, has been reprinted at Bulaq (187o). In 1882 an edition of the text, with a marginal commentary by Munshi 'Abdul-Qadir ibn Shaikh Lugman, was published at Bombay.
The Hamasa has been rendered with remarkable skill and spirit into German verse by the illustrious Friedrich Ruckert (Stuttgart, 1846), who has not only given translations of almost all the poems proper to the work, but has added numerous fragments

drawn

DRAWN

from other sources, especially those occurring in the scholia of at-Tibrizi, as well as the Mu'allagas of Zuhair and 'Antara, the Lamiyya of Ash-Shanfara., and the Banat Su' it'd of Ka'b, son of Zuhair. A small collection of translations, chiefly in metres imitating those of the

original

ORIGINAL

, was published in London by Sir Charles Lyall in 1885.
When the Ijamasa is spoken of, that of Abu Tammam, as the first and most famous of the name, is meant; but several collections of a similar kind, also called Hamasa, exist. The best-known and earliest of these is the Hamasa of

Buhturi

BUHTURI [al-Walid ibn 'Ubaid Allah] (820-897)

(d. 284 A.H.), of which the unique MS. now in the Leiden University Library, has been reproduced by photo-lithography (1909); a critical edition has been
prepared by Professor Chlikho at Beyreuth. Four other works of the same name, formed on the model of Abu Tammam's compilation, are mentioned by Hajji Khalifa. Besides these, a work entitled Hamasat ar-Rah (" the Hamasa of wine ") was composed of Abu-1-'Ala al-Ma'arri (d. 429 A.H.). (C. J. L.)

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