GREGORY XVI

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GREGORY XVI . (Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari), pope from 1831 to 1846, was born at Belluno on the 18th of September 1765, and at an early age entered the order of the Camaldoli, among whom he rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic acquirements. His first

appearance

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

before a wider public was in 1799, when he published against the Italian Jansenists a controversial

work

WORK

entitled Il Trionfo delta Santa Sede, which, besides passing through several editions in Italy, has been translated into several European languages. In 1800 he became a member of the

Academy

ACADEMY, GREEK
ACADEMY, ROYAL

of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pius VII., to which he contributed a number of memoirs on theological and philosophical questions and in 1805 was made abbot of San Gregorio on the Caelian Hill. When Pius VII. was carried off from Rome in 1809, Cappellati withdrew to Murano, near Venice, and in 1814, with some other members of his order, he removed to Padua; but soon after the restoration of the pope he was recalled to Rome, where he received successive appointments as vicar-general of the Camaldoli, councillor of the Inquisition, prefect of the Propaganda, and examiner of bishops. In March 1825 he was created cardinal by Leo XII., and shortly afterwards was entrusted with an important mission to adjust a

concordat

CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

regarding the interests of the Catholics of Belgium and the Protestants of Holland. On the and of February 1831 he was, after sixty-four days' conclave, unexpectedly chosen to succeed Pius VIII. in the papal chair. The revolution of 183o had just inflicted a severe blow on the ecclesiastical party in France, and almost the first act of the new government there was to seize Ancona, thus throwing all Italy, and particularly the Papal States, into an excited condition which seemed to demand strongly repressive

measures

MEASURES

. In the course of the struggle which ensued it was more than once necessary to

call

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

in the Austrian bayonets. The reactionaries in power put off their promised reforms So persistently as to anger even
Metternich; nor did the replacement of Bernetti by Lambruschini in 1836 mend matters; for the new cardinal secretary of state objected even to railways and illuminating gas, and was liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and of prisons. The embarrassed

financial

FINANCIAL

condition in which Gregory left the States of the Church makes it doubtful how far his lavish expenditure in architectural and engineering works, and his magnificent patron-age of learning in the hands of Mai, Mezzofanti,Gaetano, Moroni and others, were for the real benefit of his subjects. The years of his pontificate were marked by the steady development and diffusion of those ultramontane ideas which were ultimately formulated, under the presidency of his successor Pius IX., by the council of the Vatican. He died on the 1st of June 1846.
See A. M. Bernasconi, Acta Gregorii Papae X VI. scilicet constitutiones, bullae, litterae apostolicae, epistolae, vols. i-4 (Rome, 1901 ff.) ; Cardinal Wiseman, Recollections of the Last Four Popes (London, 1858) ;

Herzog

HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, vol. vii. (

Leipzig

LEIPZIG

, 1899), 127 If. (gives literature) ; Frederik Nielsen, History of the Papacy in the 19th Century, ii. (London, 1906). (W. W. R.*)

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