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Encyclopedia Britannica



GREENBACKS

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 537 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GRA-GUI
GREENBACKS , a form of
paper
  currency in the United States, so named from the green colour used on the backs of the notes. They are treasury notes, and were first issued by the government in 1862, " as a question of hard necessity," to provide for the expenses of the Civil War. The government, following the example of the banks, had suspended specie payment. The new notes were therefore for the time being an inconvertible
paper
  currency, and, since they were made legal tender, were really a form of fiat money. The first act, providing for the issue of notes to the amount of $15o,000,000, was that of the 25th
February
  1862; the acts of nth July 1862 and 3rd
March
  1863 each authorized further issues of $150,000,000. The notes soon depreciated in value, and at the lowest were worth only 35 cents on the dollar. The act of 12th
April
  1866 authorized the retirement of $'o,000,000 of notes within six months and of $4,000,000 per month thereafter; this was discontinued by act of 4th
February
  1868. On 1st January 1879 specie payment was resumed, and the nominal amount of notes then stood at $346,681,000, which is still outstanding.
The so-called Greenback party (also called the Independent, and the National party) first appeared in a presidential campaign in 1876, when its candidate,
Peter
  Cooper, received 81,74o votes. It advocated increasing the volume of greenbacks, forbidding bank issues, and the paying in greenbacks of the
principal
  of all government bonds not expressly payable in coin. In 1878 the party, by various fusions, cast over 1,000,00d votes and elected 14 Congressmen; and in 188o there was fusion with labour reformers and it cast 308,578 votes for its presidential candidate, J. B. Weaver, and elected 8 Congressmen. In 1884 their candidate Benjamin F. Butler (also the candidate of the
Anti
 -
Monopoly
  party) received 175,370 votes. Subsequently the party went out of existence.


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