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Encyclopedia Britannica



GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 391 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GRA-GUI
GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214) ,
bishop
  of
Norwich
 , entered Prince John's service, and at his accession (1199) was rapidly promoted in the
church
  till he became
bishop
  of
Norwich
  in September 1200. King John's attempt to force him into the primacy in 1205 started the king's
long
  and fatal quarrel with
Pope
  Innocent III. De Gray was a hard-working royal official, in finance, in justice, in action, using his position to enrich himself and his family. In 1209 he went to Ireland to govern it as
justiciar
 . He adopted a forward policy, attempting to extend the English frontier northward and westward, and fought a number of campaigns on the Shannon and in Fermanagh. But in 1212 he suffered a
great
  defeat. He assimilated the coinage of
Ireland to that of England, and tried to effect a similar reform in Irish law. De Gray was a good financier, and could always raise money: this probably explains the favour he enjoyed from King John. In 1213 he is found with 500 knights at the
great
  muster at Barham Downs, when Philip
Augustus
  was threatening to invade England. After John's reconciliation with Innocent he was one of those exempted from the general pardon, and was forced to go in person to Rome to obtain it. At Rome he so completely gained over Innocent that the
pope
  sent him back with papal letters recommending his election to the bishopric of
Durham
  (1213); but he died at St Jean d'Audely in Poitou on his homeward journey (October 1214).


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